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. 2023 Apr 12;616(7957):495–503. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-05868-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 1 — a–c, Characteristics and classification of skate chromosomes according to their size (x-axis) and GC% (a), number of LINE insertions (b) and gene density (c) per 50kb window. d, Repetitive landscape computed as JC divergence of repeat occurrence toward the consensus element in the repeat library. e–f, Distribution of gene and intron size in selected chordate species: amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae, Bralan), the cloudy catshark (Chiloscyllium punctatum, Chipun), the little skate (Leuraja erinacea, Leueri), the zebrafish (Danio rerio, Danrer) and human (Homo sapiens, Homsap). g, gene size distribution in three chromosomal categories. h, distribution of retention rates inferred for CLGs in the spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus). e–h, mean dot) and standard deviation (bar) are indicated with the violin plot area. i. Rates of evolution of genes located in α or β segments estimated as ML distance to the amphioxus outgroup (LG+Γ).