Fig. 4. The burden attributable to suboptimal diet at the national level in the top 30 most populous countries in 2018.

Bars represent the estimated percentage burden (a) and absolute burden per 1 million population (b) of T2D incidence due to suboptimal intake of 11 dietary factors jointly: insufficient intake of whole grains, yogurt, fruit, nuts and seeds, and non-starchy vegetables and excess intake of refined rice and wheat, processed meats, unprocessed red meat, SSBs, potatoes and fruit juice. The burden due to suboptimal diet was estimated using proportional multiplication, assuming that half the benefit of whole-grain intake is mediated through replacement of refined rice and wheat intake. Countries are ordered based on population size in 2018, from highest to lowest. See Supplementary Table 5 for more details on the inputs for each dietary factor. Data are presented as the central estimate (median) and the corresponding 95% UI, derived from the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of 1,000 multiway probabilistic Monte Carlo model simulations.