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. 2023 Apr 19;13:129. doi: 10.1038/s41398-023-02412-7

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — A Conceptual representation of analysis and potential interpretations for dynamic MDD gene expression associations. Predisposition: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) genetically regulated expression associations were predicted with S-PrediXcan using MDD GWAS [3] and CommonMind Consortium DLPFC eQTL predictor model [71]. Illness: MDD vs healthy control differentially expressed genes [3, 4] were meta-analyzed using a fixed-effects inverse variance method. B Z-scores for GREx (predisposition) and postmortem (illness) associations of MDD vs controls are plotted. C Gene set enrichment (g:Profiler [155]) of top concordant and discordant genes (p < 0.05) from analysis in (B). GREx genetically regulated expression, PM postmortem. Created with BioRender.com.