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. 2023 Apr 19;14:2248. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38014-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Schematic illustration of the particle size and cholesterol mass ratio screenings for LNs accumulation. b Particle size and morphology of different formulations (n = biologically independent experiments). c Ex vivo imaging of LNs at 12, 24, 48 h post-administration N-I-Lip-L and N-I-Lip-S (1#, 2#, 3# represent three mice, n = 3 biologically independent experiments). d Total fluorescence intensities of the LNs at 12, 24, 48 h post-administration of N-I-Lip-L and N-I-Lip-S (n = 3 biologically independent experiments). e, f Ex vivo imaging e and total fluorescence intensity f of the LNs at 4, 8, and 12 h post-administration of N-I-Lip with different cholesterol mass ratios (n = 3 biologically independent experiments). g Cumulative release curves of 1-MT from different groups treated with and without laser irradiation (808 nm) for 5 min in PBS (pH 7.4) (n = 3 biologically independent experiments). h HPLC chromatograms of 1.0 mg/mL MMP2-sensitive peptide after incubation with 50 μg/mL MMP2 enzyme for different lengths of time. i–k NIL-IM-Lip showed good storage stability i, 20% plasma stability j and RPMI 1640 medium stability (k) (n = 3 biologically independent experiments). l Temperature profile of I-Lip (10 μg/mL) with laser irradiation (808 nm) at different powers (n = 3 biologically independent experiments). m Temperature profiles of different concentrations of I-Lip after irradiation with a laser irradiation (808 nm) at 1.0 W/cm² (n = 3 biologically independent experiments). n Infrared thermal imaging of water, IR780 and I-Lip at different time points after irradiation with a laser irradiation (808 nm) at 1.0 W/cm² for 10 min. o The temperature profile of I-Lip recorded after four laser on/off cycles (808 nm). Data are presented as mean values ± SD. Statistical significance was calculated by the two-tailed Student’s t-test d, g and one-way ANOVA analysis of variance with Tukey’s post hoc test f. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Blank-Lip-S/L Blank-Lip-Small/Large, IM-Lip-S/L IR780/1-MT-Lip-Small/Large, NIL-IM-Lip-S/L NGR/IL-15-IR780/1-MT-Lip-Small/Large, N-I-Lip-L/S NGR-IR780-Lip-Small/Large, DPPC:Chol: the mass ratio of DPPC and cholesterol.