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. 2023 Apr 6;17:1150156. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1150156

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Copyright © 2023 Shamloo, Defensor, Ciari, Ogawa, Vidano, Lin, Fortkort, Shamloo and Barron.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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RT-qPCR analysis of select markers in hippocampus-containing brain tissue. There was significant downregulation of IL-18, CD68, and IL-6 in the RL + LPS and RLG + LPS groups, when compared to the NL + LPS group. In addition, when compared with the NL + Veh group, there was a significant downregulation of IL-18 in both the RL + Veh and the RLG + Veh groups, as well as a downregulation of IL-6 in the RL + Veh group. Upregulation of TNF-α and IL-1β was consistent with an inflammatory response in the NL + LPS group, when compared to the NL + Veh group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001, ^****p < 0.0001.