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. 2023 Apr 6;14:1156061. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1156061

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Copyright © 2023 Mano, Kongkaew, Tippawangkosol, Somboon, Roytrakul, Pescher, Späth, Uthaipibull, Tantiworawit, Siriyasatien and Jariyapan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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PEMs were infected using stationary phase promastigotes after 120 h of culture at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) = 1:10. (A) Percentage of infected cells measured from 24 to 120 h post-infection. (B) Average number of parasites per macrophage. (C) Infection index calculated by multiplying the percentage of infected macrophages by the average number of parasites per macrophage. (D) Amastigote multiplication ratio calculated from the average number of intracellular amastigotes at T_x divided by the average number of intracellular amastigotes at T₀ (Chanmol et al., 2019). Results are expressed as the means±SD from three different experiments run in duplicate. Statistically significant differences between LSCM1 and AmpBRP2i are indicated as *** = p < 0.001; between LSCM1 and LSCM1-6 are indicated as ǂǂǂ = p < 0.001.