Table 3.
Association between socio-economic status and CVDs risk factors among rural-to-urban migrant and urban resident.
| Risk factors | SES | Men | Women | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urban non-migrants OR (95% CI); p | Rural-to-urban migrant OR (95% CI); p | Urban non-migrants OR (95% CI); p | Rural-to-urban migrant OR (95% CI); p | ||
| Overweight and obesity | Education a | ||||
| Illiterate | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Primary | 1.24 (0.89–1.74); 0.202 | 1.40 (0.99–1.97); 0.05 | 1.54 (1.22–1.96); 0.001 | 1.44 (1.17–1.79); 0.001 | |
| High school and above | 2.46 (1.83–3.31); 0.001 | 2.94 (2.15–4.02); 0.001 | 1.54 (1.21–1.96); 0.001 | 1.68 (1.33–2.13); 0.001 | |
| HH wealth quintile b | |||||
| Q1 (poorest) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Q2 | 1.08 (0.72–1.61); 0.704 | 1.71 (1.17–2.51); 0.006 | 1.47 (1.08–2.01); 0.016 | 1.38 (1.07–1.78); 0.01 | |
| Q3 | 2.13 (1.50–3.04); 0.001 | 2.89 (2.01–4.16); 0.001 | 2.40 (1.79–3.21); 0.001 | 3.21 (2.50–4.12); 0.001 | |
| Q4 | 3.65 (2.60–5.13); 0.001 | 5.76 (4.00–8.30); 0.001 | 3.49 (2.60–4.69); 0.001 | 4.15 (3.16–5.44); 0.001 | |
| Q5 (richest) | 5.55 (3.91–7.87); 0.001 | 9.49 (6.52–13.82); 0.001 | 6.11 (4.47–8.35); 0.001 | 7.60 (5.70–10.15); 0.001 | |
| Hypertension | Education a | ||||
| Illiterate | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Primary | 0.99 (0.57–1.74); 0.99 | 1.58 (1.01–2.49); 0.047 | 1.60 (0.95–2.69); 0.075 | 0.86 (0.56–1.34); 0.51 | |
| High school and above | 1.26 (0.75–2.10); 0.38 | 2.28 (1.42–3.66); 0.001 | 1.28 (0.74–2.22); 0.384 | 0.74 (0.44–1.24); 0.25 | |
| HH wealth quintile b | |||||
| Q1 (poorest) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Q2 | 1.12 (0.50–2.52); 0.78 | 1.23 (0.73–2.08); 0.44 | 0.66 (0.29–1.51); 0.323 | 1.06 (0.63–1.79); 0.83 | |
| Q3 | 2.59 (1.24–5.41); 0.01 | 1.73 (1.03–2.91); 0.037 | 0.83 (0.38–1.82); 0.645 | 1.76 (1.04–2.96); 0.03 | |
| Q4 | 3.02 (1.47–6.19); 0.003 | 1.56 (0.89–2.74); 0.124 | 1.60 (0.77–3.32); 0.213 | 4.05 (2.31–7.08); 0.001 | |
| Q5 (richest) | 2.96 (1.40–6.23); 0.004 | 1.72 (0.98–3.03); 0.058 | 2.13 (0.96–4.72); 0.062 | 4.04 (2.26–7.24); 0.001 | |
| Diabetes | Education a | ||||
| Illiterate | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Primary | 0.84 (0.24–2.96); 0.79 | 0.98 (0.37–2.64); 0.97 | 2.14 (0.88–5.21); 0.093 | 0.68 (0.31–1.52); 0.35 | |
| High school and above | 2.00 (0.73–5.52); 0.18 | 2.30 (0.93–5.70); 0.072 | 1.46 (0.60–3.57); 0.402 | 1.04 (0.47–2.27); 0.93 | |
| HH wealth quintile b | |||||
| Q1 (poorest) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Q2 | 1.04 (0.16–6.59); 0.97 | 1.45 (0.47–4.49); 0.52 | 0 (0–0) | 1.76 (0.46–6.74); 0.41 | |
| Q3 | 1.20 (0.20–7.06); 0.84 | 1.80 (0.59–5.50); 0.304 | 2.14 (0.23–20.17); 0.51 | 4.79 (1.46–15.65); 0.009 | |
| Q4 | 3.19 (0.65–15.63); 0.15 | 2.25 (0.74–6.82); 0.153 | 4.92 (0.61–39.84); 0.14 | 3.88 (1.09–13.74); 0.036 | |
| Q5 (richest) | 3.62 (0.73–18.03); 0.12 | 3.60 (1.24–10.41); 0.018 | 8.60 (1.04–71.43); 0.046 | 10.48 (3.14–34.90); 0.001 | |
| Mental health disorder | Education a | ||||
| Illiterate | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Primary | 1.01 (0.84–1.20); 0.94 | 0.86 (0.73–1.01); 0.06 | 0.83 (0.72–0.96); 0.011 | 0.93 (0.82–1.06); 0.28 | |
| High school and above | 0.72 (0.60–0.86); 0.001 | 0.69 (0.58–0.82); 0.001 | 0.64 (0.55–0.75); 0.001 | 0.64 (0.55–0.74); 0.001 | |
| HH wealth quintile b | |||||
| Q1 (poorest) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |
| Q2 | 0.87 (0.72–1.04); 0.13 | 0.73 (0.62–0.87); 0.001 | 0.93 (0.79–1.09); 0.36 | 0.86 (0.75–0.98); 0.025 | |
| Q3 | 0.66 (0.54–0.80); 0.001 | 0.68 (0.56–0.82); 0.001 | 0.87 (0.74–1.03); 0.116 | 0.83 (0.72–0.97); 0.017 | |
| Q4 | 0.50 (0.40–0.61); 0.001 | 0.53 (0.42–0.67); 0.001 | 0.58 (0.49–0.69); 0.001 | 0.55 (0.46–0.66); 0.001 | |
| Q5 (richest) | 0.42 (0.33–0.53); 0.001 | 0.42 (0.32–0.55); 0.001 | 0.43 (0.36–0.53); 0.001 | 0.43 (0.35–0.53); 0.001 | |
| Cigarette smoking | Education a | ||||
| Illiterate | Ref | Ref | – | – | |
| Primary | 1.05 (0.90–1.22); 0.54 | 0.90 (0.79–1.04); 0.16 | |||
| High school and above | 0.88 (0.76–1.01); 0.07 | 0.54 (0.47–0.63); 0.001 | |||
| HH wealth quintile b | |||||
| Q1 (poorest) | Ref | Ref | |||
| Q2 | 0.88 (0.75–1.03); 0.10 | 1.08 (0.93–1.24); 0.32 | |||
| Q3 | 0.79 (0.66–0.91); 0.002 | 1.10 (0.94–1.28); 0.23 | – | – | |
| Q4 | 0.64 (0.54–0.75); 0.001 | 0.71 (0.60–0.85); 0.001 | |||
| Q5 (richest) | 0.58 (0.49–0.69); 0.001 | 0.63 (0.52–0.76); 0.001 | |||
| Bidi smoking | Education a | ||||
| Illiterate | Ref | Ref | – | – | |
| Primary | 0.65 (0.50–0.82); 0.001 | 0.58 (0.48–0.72); 0.001 | |||
| High school and above | 0.28 (0.21–0.38); 0.001 | 0.34 (0.26–0.44); 0.001 | |||
| HH wealth quintile b | |||||
| Q1 (Poorest) | Ref | Ref | |||
| Q2 | 0.56 (0.44–0.73); 0.001 | 0.44 (0.36–0.54); 0.001 | |||
| Q3 | 0.36 (0.27–0.49); 0.001 | 0.22 (0.16–0.29); 0.001 | – | – | |
| Q4 | 0.13 (0.08–0.20); 0.001 | 0.08 (0.05–0.14); 0.001 | |||
| Q5 (Richest) | 0.02 (0.01–0.06); 0.001 | 0.02 (0.01–0.07); 0.001 | |||
| Alcohol/illicit drug use | Education a | ||||
| Illiterate | Ref | Ref | – | – | |
| Primary | 0.89 (0.73–1.09); 0.26 | 1.15 (0.92–1.43); 0.22 | |||
| High school and above | 0.81 (0.67–0.98); 0.27 | 0.76 (0.59–0.96); 0.02 | |||
| HH wealth quintile b | |||||
| Q1 (Poorest) | Ref | Ref | |||
| Q2 | 0.86 (0.70–1.06); 0.15 | 0.86 (0.68–1.07); 0.17 | |||
| Q3 | 0.77 (0.62–0.95); 0.02 | 0.68 (0.53–0.88); 0.004 | – | – | |
| Q4 | 0.65 (0.52–0.81); 0.001 | 0.69 (0.51–0.93); 0.014 | |||
| Q5 (Richest) | 0.72 (0.57–0.91); 0.001 | 0.82 (0.59–1.14); 0.25 | |||
aAdjusted for current age and HH wealth quintile; bAdjusted for current age and education.
Lifestyles were not assessed in women as few women reported these behaviors.
Adjusted R2 (range) = 5%−30% Overall model Chi-squared-test, p < 0.001.