Table 3.
Comparisons of outcomes in the integrated groups as App intervention and Life as usual.
| As usual (N = 20) |
App (N = 20) |
Δmean Between groups | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Day 30 | p Value | Δmean | Baseline | Day 30 | p Value | Δmean | p Value | |
| Body weight (kg) | 80.5 (16.8) | 80.6 (17.1) | 0.50 | 0.16 (0.8) | 80.9 (17.1) | 80.5 (17) | 0.26 | − 0.36 (1.1) | 0.17 |
| BMI | 30 (6) | 30.1 (6.1) | 0.51 | 0.05 (0.3) | 30.2 (6.2) | 30.73 (7.6) | 0.43 | 0.55 (3.2) | 0.24 |
| Muscle weight (kg) | 26.7 (5.1) | 26.7 (5.1) | 0.84 | 0.02 (0.6) | 26.8 (5.1) | 26.7 (5) | 0.21 | − 0.13 (0.5) | 0.6 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 32 (11.6) | 32 (11.6) | 0.74 | 0.09 (1.2) | 32.2 (11.7) | 32.1 (11.9) | 0.44 | − 0.12 (1.2) | 0.53 |
| Fat percentage (%) | 39 (6.7) | 39.1 (6.7) | 0.72 | 0.04 (1.3) | 39.1 (6.5) | 38.5 (6.3) | 0.47 | − 0.65 (2.5) | 0.43 |
| Visceral fat (cm2) | 145.9 (44.3) | 146.5 (47.2) | 0.68 | 0.64 (7.3) | 146.4 (46.8) | 146.7 (46.1) | 0.84 | 0.29 (5.5) | 0.77 |
| BW change (%) | 0.2 (1.1) | − 0.4 (1.3) | 0.24 | ||||||
| DBQ | 21 (4.5) | 21.2 (4.3) | 0.61 | 0.33 (2.8) | 20.9 (4.6) | 21.1 (5.4) | 0.66 | 0.33 (2.9) | 1.00 |
| MEBS | |||||||||
| Total scores | 55.1 (4.5) | 53.7 (4.3) | 0.12 | − 1.7 (4.4) | 53.7 (5.4) | 54.9 (4.3) | 0.27 | 0.94 (4.6) | 0.07 |
| Focusing eating | 19.9 (2.3) | 19.5 (3.8) | 0.84 | − 0.1 (2.6) | 19.1 (3.3) | 19.2 (2.4) | 0.52 | −0.3 (2.5) | 0.67 |
| Eating with awareness | 6.4 (2.3) | 6.2 (2.2) | 0.49 | − 0.3 (2) | 6.3 (2.5) | 6.6 (2.4) | 0.14 | 0.4 (1.2) | 0.16 |
| Eating in response to hunger and satiety cues | 16.7 (2.9) | 16.3 (2.4) | 0.29 | − 0.61 (2.1) | 16.1 (2.3) | 16.8 (2.3) | *0.04 | 0.7 (1.3) | *0.04 |
| Eating without distraction | 12 (2.4) | 11.8 (3.1) | 0.20 | − 0.61 (2.2) | 12.4 (2.6) | 12.2 (3.1) | 0.55 | 0.11 (3) | 0.49 |
| BSRS-5 | 9.8 (3) | 9.6 (4.5) | 0.82 | − 0.11 (3) | 9.35 (4.2) | 9.38 (3.2) | 0.32 | − 0.2 (2.8) | 0.48 |
| BDI | 7.7 (6.6) | 8.7 (9.6) | 0.66 | 1.33 (6.7) | 9.05 (8.8) | 7.9 (6.5) | 0.54 | − 1.9 (9.2) | 0.35 |
| PSQI | 6.1 (2.7) | 7 (3.4) | 0.05 | 0.94 (1.9) | 6.6 (3) | 6.4 (3) | 0.6 | − 0.33 (2.4) | 0.07 |
| IPAQ-SF (MET/week) | 453.1 (426) | 540 (989) | 0.31 | 94 (1010) | 931 (1283) | 554 (673) | 0.60 | − 398 (1544) | 0.96 |
| WHOQOL | |||||||||
| Total scores | 14 (1.9) | 14.1 (2.2) | 0.54 | 0.047 (1.3) | 14.3 (2.2) | 14 (2.2) | 0.59 | 0.024 (1.3) | 0.95 |
| Physiological aspect | 15.3 (2) | 15.8 (2.3) | 0.26 | 0.3 (1.1) | 15.5 (2.3) | 15.4 (2.5) | 0.66 | − 0.03 (1.8) | 0.84 |
| Psychological aspect | 15 (2.5) | 14.8 (3.1) | 0.69 | − 0.4 (2) | 15.2 (2.6) | 15.1 (2.8) | 0.55 | 0.19 (1.9) | 0.40 |
| Social relationship | 13.8 (2.8) | 14.2 (3) | 0.76 | 0.33 (2.1) | 14.6 (3.1) | 14.1 (2.7) | 0.72 | − 0.1 (2) | 0.57 |
| Environment scope | 15.4 (2.3) | 15.5 (2.3) | 0.43 | 0 (1.8) | 15.8 (2.6) | 15.4 (6.1) | 0.51 | 0.02 (1.5) | 0.91 |
DBQ Dietary Behavior Questionnaire; MEBS Mindful Eating Behavior Scale; BSRS-5 five-item Brief Symptoms Rating Scale; BDI-II Beck Depression Inventory II; PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; IPAQ-SF International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form; MET metabolic equivalent;. WHOQOL WHO quality of life.
*p < 0.05; Data were mean (SD).