Table 2.

Identified telemedicine technologies and applications to provide healthcare services for COVID-19.

ID	The first author (reference)	Country	Service receivers (who? Which patients or staff?)	Telemedicine technologies				Applications							Other
				Virtual reality	Telephone	Videoconference	Mobile-health	Tele-monitoring	Tele-consulting	Virtual visit	Tele-follow-up	Tele-cardiology	Tele-health critical care (TCC)	Tele-rehabilitation
1	Accorsi, TAD 29	Brazil	Patients with COVID-19	✓	—	—	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	—	—	—	Eligible patients were instructed to examine themselves and perform exhalation maneuvers to obtain a Roth score. Calculating Ruth’s score involves teaching patients to breathe deeply and trying to count loudly from 1 to 30 before exhaling. After this procedure, patients are asked to take three deep breaths and the test is repeated. Time is calculated by the examiner. The second test is valid
2	Alessi, J 30	Brazil	Patients with type 2 DM	—	✓	—	—	—	✓	—	—	—	—	—	The intervention was a included weekly telephone calls and providing educational materials on issues related to mental health, healthy habits, and diabetes care
3	Alhadramy, 31 OM	Saudi Arabia	All patients over 18 years of age seeking cardiac counseling	✓	✓	—	—	—	—	—	✓	✓	—	—	When standardized heart-to-heart counseling is compromised, a structured TBCC is considered feasible, an effective and promising alternative to providing the most cardiac care to the community. When done correctly, testing patients is helpful, follow-up, monitoring, Remote counseling for heart patients
4	Anuran, GO 32	Philippine	Employees and students	✓	✓	—	✓	—	—	—	✓	—	—	—	(OCRA) system, email, SMS, follow-up
5	Boehm, K 33	Germany	Urologic patients	—	✓	✓	—	—	✓	—	—	—	—	—	—
6	Ceccato, F 34	Italy	Endocrine patients	✓	✓	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Tele-Endo visit: Clinical data are reported in the web-based database of the AOU Padova, used as an(eCRF), to guide the endocrinologist during the endocrine triage, a multiple-choice questionnaire (with yes/no answer) has been adopted, email, follow-up
7	D'Anna, L 35	UK	Patients with transient ischemic attack	✓	✓	—	—	—	✓	—	—	✓	—	—	Virtual consultations, electronic medical records of eligible patients were retrieved from the Imperial College healthcare NHS trust online medical notes system
8	Deeb, W 36	USA	Individuals with parkinsonism	—	✓	✓	—	✓	✓	—	—	—	—	—	A laptop computer was the most commonly used device/zoom and facetime application
9	DenkboyOngen, Y 37	Turkey	Pediatric endocrinology patients	—	✓	—	—	✓	—	✓	✓	—	—	—	The patients were supported in terms of receiving their prescriptions/Data were obtained from e-mail and e-messages
10	De Matheus, A.SM 38	Brazil	Patients with type 1 DM	—	✓	—	—	✓	✓	—	—	—	—	—	Tele monitoring protocol included phone calls and e-mails
11	Dhahri, A A 39	UK	Patients and clinicians	—	✓	✓	—	—	✓	—	—	—	—	—	Video-enabled telemedicine/A laptop computer was the most commonly used device
12	Domínguez-Moreno, R 40	Mexico	Patients with neurological disorders	—	✓	✓	—	—	✓	✓	✓	—	—	—	Zoom, Doxy.me, and WhatsApp
13	Esper, CD 41	USA	Patients with movement disorders	—	✓	✓	—	—	—	✓	✓	—	—	—	Zoom
14	Gadzinski, AJ 42	USA	Urology patients	—	✓	✓	✓	—	—	✓	—	—	—	—	A desktop, laptop, smartphone, or tablet can all be used
15	Garcia-Huidobro, D 43	Chile	Patients receiving telemedicine	—	—	✓	—	—	—	✓	—	—	—	—	Patients and providers receive a Zoom link
16	Garg, S 44	India	Patients	—	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	—	✓	—	—	—	Using platforms such as Doxy.me, eVisit, Vsee, Mendetc.
17	Ghai, B 45	India	Patients with chronic pain	—	✓	✓	✓	—	✓	—	✓	—	—	—	These include apps/videoconference programs installed on the patient’s phone/tab/home computer with a high speed internet connection
18	Gios, L 46	Italy	Home-quarantined patients with COVID-19	—	✓	—	✓	✓	—	—	—	—	—	—	TeleCovid19
															App was used for monitoring patients
19	Gonzalez Gerez, JJ 47	Spain	Patients with COVID-19	—	✓	✓	✓	—	—	—	✓	—	—	✓	A desktop, laptop, smartphone, or tablet can all be used, StepsApp
20	Graça, TUS 48	Brazil	Patients	—	✓	—	—	✓	✓	—	✓	—	—	—	UsdREDcap platform
21	Guo, Z 49	China	Outpatient Infant for Retinopathy of prematurity	—	—	—	✓	✓	✓	—	✓	—	—	—	WeChat
22	Indraratna P 50	Australia	Patients with acute coronary syndrome	—	✓	—	✓	✓	—	—	✓	✓	—	—	TeleClinical care - cardiac (TCC-cardiac) app
23	Jurado, JR 51	Colombia	Patients who required an endoscopic procedure	—	✓	—	—	—	—	—	✓	—	—	—	Email
24	Kim, JW 52	USA	Patients	—	—	✓	—	—	✓	✓	✓	—	✓	—	Standardizededucation using online training modules, live interactivewebinars, video tutorials, and one-on-one mentoring sessionswith an experienced tele provider for tele providers
25	Kwon, CY 53	Korea	Patients with COVID-19	—	—	—	✓	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Individuals may achieve efficient self-management of their symptoms through YouTube videos. Communication software, such as Zoom
26	Lai, FH 54	China	Patients with cognitive impairment	—	✓	✓	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	✓	Zoom, WhatsApp, or FaceTime
27	Lau, K 55	UK	Patients on the waiting list for consideration of bone conduction hearing devices	—	✓	—	—	—	✓	—	—	—	—	—	All patients proceeding with surgery were happy with the remote assessment
28	Lavery, MJ 56	UK	Patient with Dermatologic diagnosis	—	✓	✓	—	—	✓	—	✓	—	—	—	Video tele dermatology service
29	Lee, J M 57	USA	Patients with type 1 DM	—	✓	✓	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Zoom (most popular), FaceTime, Microsoft teams, Doximity, WebEx, BlueJeans, health system developed technology, google Duo, WhatsApp
30	Li, J 58	China	Patients with COVID-19	—	—	—	✓	✓	✓	—	—	—	—	✓	RehabApp, consultation via cell phone or WeChat voice call
31	Li, JO 59	UK	Patients with urgent ophthalmic concern	—	—	✓	—	—	✓	✓	✓	—	—	—	Video call
32	Lott, A 60	USA	Pediatric and adult patients	—	—	✓	—	—	—	✓	✓	—	—	—	Primary zip code was used as surrogate for socioeconomic status through use of the zip code median household income
33	Martínez García, M 61	Spain	Positive PCR test who were considered high-risk	—	—	—	—	✓	—	—	—	—	—	—	In recent years, the Galician health service has developed the TELEA tool, which is integrated into the electronic medical record and is able to perform at-home telemedicine and tele monitoring. With this tool, any patient who has provided the pertinent permission can send information in a pre-established format to their own electronic medical record
34	Martos Pérez, F 62	Spain	Mostly elderly	—	✓	—	—	—	—	✓	✓	—	—	—	Videoconferencing was dismissed given the technical difficulties and the heterogeneity of our patients, many of whom are elderly
35	Meyer, B.C 63	USA	Inpatient and ambulatory care patient	—	✓	✓	—	—	—	✓	—	—	—	—	UCSDH implemented an electronic health record (EHR), integrated, video visit solution several years ago, but had not scaled the deployment. We chose a mobile-to-mobile ‘‘bring your own device’’ solution for our providers to access and use the EHR and other video visit solutions, which allowed providers to start conducting video visits as soon as they were trained
36	Mortezavi, M 64	USA	Rheumatology patients	—	✓	✓	—	—	—	✓	✓	—	—	—	The appointment type (in-person, telephone, or video) was recorded. Both telephone and video visits were qualified as “telemedicine,” and patient satisfaction was assessed. Video encounters were completed using the following third-party vend
37	Munusamy, T 65	UK	Neurocritical patients	✓	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	A random pair of neurosurgery resident and specialist conducted consecutive virtual and physical ward rounds on neurocritical patients. A virtual ward round was first conducted remotely by a specialist who received real-time audiovisual information from a resident wearing smart glasses integrated with telemedicine. Subsequently, a physical ward round was performed together by the resident and specialist on the same patient. The management plans of both ward rounds were compared, and the interrater reliability was measured. On study completion a qualitative survey was performed
38	Naves, LA 66	Brazil	Acromegaly outpatients	—	✓	✓	—	✓	✓	✓	—	—	—	—	The laboratory results were shared with patients by e-mail. A printed prescription was sent to patients' addresses, and an electronic prescription was sent directly to the central pharmacy. Medicine was delivered directly to the patients' homes
39	Ozturk, B 67	Turkey	People with overweight and obese	—	—	✓	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	✓	A significant improvements was obtained in all parameters of physical fitness, quality of life in the telerehabilitation group
40	Pépin, JL 68	France	Patients with COVID-19 and other respiratory infections	—	—	—	—	✓	—	—	✓	✓	—	—	Every night tele monitoring data on continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device use, the first-line therapy for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), is collected worldwide
41	Raad, M 69	UK	Trauma and orthopedics patients	—	✓	—	—	—	✓	✓	—	—	—	—	During COVID-19, all clinics were converted to telephone clinics unless a patient required a plaster change or wound check
42	Ribeiro, E 70	Portugal	Psychological patients	—	✓	—	✓	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	During COVID-19 pandemic Psychologist communicate with patient via telephone and its necessary because of pandemic Consequences
43	Raposo, A 71	Portugal	Patients with COVID-19	—	✓	—	—	—	—	✓	—	—	—	—	A new app was introduced that name is e-CoVing
44	Rodriguez-Blanco, C 72	Spain	Patients with COVID-19	—	✓	✓	✓	—	—	—	✓	—	—	✓	A desktop, laptop, smartphone, or tablet can all be used, StepsApp
45	Rogers, BG 73	USA	Patients with HIV and COVID-19	—	✓	✓	—	✓	—	✓	—	—	—	—	Zoom was used but offering telephone for some people who can’t use zoom
46	Shaw, JG 74	USA	Patients with COVID-19	—	✓	—	—	✓	—	—	—	—	—	—	Physicians and nurses (RNs) participate in program, were trained using Microsoft Teams™
47	Sicsic, I 75	USA	Patients with COVID-19	—	—	✓	—	✓	—	—	—	—	—	—	Zoom was used
48	Silven, AV 76	Netherlands	Patients with COVID-19	—	—	✓	—	✓	—	—	—	—	—	—	They gave patients a COVID box that contain a thermometer, pulse oximeter, blood pressure monitor, and a safety bag (for return of the devices) and then monitored them with telemedicine
49	Silver, JK 77	USA, Israel	People with overweight or obesity	—	—	✓	—	—	✓	—	—	—	—	—	Zoom®
50	So, H 78	China	Lupus patients	—	—	✓	—	—	—	—	✓	—	—	—	Telemedicine use in clinic to reduce potential exposure to COVID-19
51	Tan, WPM 79	Singapore	Orthopedic patients	—	—	✓	—	✓	✓	—	✓	—	—	—	Zoom was used
52	Tourkmani MA 80	Saudi Arabia	Adult patients with type 2 DM	✓	✓	—	✓	—	✓	—	—	—	—	✓	Patients were educated about the risk of COVID-19 to patients with DM, and about the importance of precautionary measures such as wearing masks, frequent hand washing, social distancing and avoiding crowded places where the risk of infection is highو monitoring, consulting, follow-up
53	Vasta, R 81	Italy	Neurological or psychological patients	—	✓	✓	—	—	—	✓	—	—	—	—	Patients can directly talk with their doctor
54	Wilkinson, J.E 82	USA	Primary care patients who no-showed to appointments and did not receive care	—	✓	—	—	—	—	✓	—	—	—	—	Calls were monitored to be better
55	Wong, AKC 83	China	Older adults who are homebound	—	✓	—	✓	—	—	✓	✓	—	—	—	telephone call and weekly video messages via WhatsApp
56	Zweig, 84 S	Columbia	Patients with respiratory complaints	—	—	✓	—	—	—	✓	—	—	—	—	Zoom was used
Frequency				7	38	29	15	18	20	20	24	4	1	6

Abbreviations: DM: Diabetes Mellitus, TBCC; Telephone-based cardiac consultation, PGH; Philippine General Hospital, UPM; UP Manila, OCRA; Online Consultation, AOU; AziendaOspedale-Università, eCRF; electronic Case Report/Record Form, NHS; National Health Service.