Table 2.

Logistic regression of B12 deficiency on potential determinants (n = 592)

Variables	Univariate logistic regression		Multivariable logistic regression
	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
Age groupa (Reference: < 60 years)		0.259 +		0.027
60–79 years	0.70 (0.46 – 1.08)	0.105	1.26 (0.77 – 2.07)	0.357
≥ 80 years	0.84 (0.44 – 1.61)	0.606	2.86 (1.31 – 6.25)	0.008
Vegetariana (Reference = non-vegetarian)	16.82 (3.72 – 76.00)	< 0.001	21.61 (4.47 – 104.44)	< 0.001
B12 supplementation (prescribed)a	0.40 (0.26 – 0.62)	< 0.001	0.37 (0.22 – 0.61)	< 0.001
Metformin daily dosea (g/day)	2.44 (2.00 – 2.97)	< 0.001	2.79 (2.22 – 3.49)	< 0.001
Folate deficiencya	2.02 (1.34 – 3.04)	< 0.001	2.04 (1.27 – 3.28)	0.003
LDL cholesterol levela (mmol/L)	0.73 (0.54 – 0.98)	0.031
Ethnicitya (Reference: Chinese)		0.220 +
Malay	0.85 (0.41 – 1.78)	0.668
Indian	1.63 (0.97 – 2.75)	0.065
Others	0.72 (0.26 – 1.96)	0.516
Male gendera (Reference = Female)	1.19 (0.83 – 1.70)	0.353
Duration of diabetes for ≥ 10 yearsa	1.55 (1.08 – 2.24)	0.017
Calcium supplementation (prescribed)a	0.52 (0.35 – 0.77)	< 0.001
PPI or H2A usea	0.93 (0.60 – 1.46)	0.760
Sulphonylurea usea	2.58 (1.77 – 3.76)	< 0.001
Acarbose usea	3.46 (2.16 – 5.55)	< 0.001
HbA1ca (%)	1.26 (1.07 – 1.48)	< 0.01
Statin use	1.20 (0.72 – 2.00)	0.481
Fenofibrate use	1.46 (0.83 – 2.57)	0.192
Insulin use	1.60 (0.90 – 2.83	0.114
DPP4-inhibitor use	0.82 (0.34 – 1.97)	0.656
Creatinine (µmol/L)	1.00 (0.99 – 1.01)	0.966
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2)	1.00 (0.99 – 1.01)	0.694
Hypertension	0.89 (0.52 – 1.50)	0.651
Hyperlipidaemia	1.16 (0.60 – 2.24)	0.645
Body Mass Index (kg/m2)	1.02 (0.98 – 1.06)	0.328

Abbreviation: eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate adjusted for body surface area

^aPredictor variables that were further analysed within multivariable logistic regression. + refers to omnibus p – value. “Age”, “Ethnicity”, “Gender” and “PPI or H₂A use” were predetermined to be clinically or demographically relevant, and thus forced into the modelling process