Table 1.

Bivariate Association Between Risk Factors for Development of Persistent Diarrhea Among 4606 Children With Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea in the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa Study

Risk Factor	Children With MSD, No. (n = 4606)	Children With PD, No. (%) (n = 443 [9.6%])	P Valuea
Demographic features
ȃAge group
ȃȃ0–11 m	1631	184 (11.3)	.001a
ȃȃ12–23 m	1618	160 (9.9)
ȃȃ24–59 m	1357	99 (7.3)
ȃStudy site
ȃȃKenya	1482	229 (15.5)	<.001a
ȃȃThe Gambia	1574	147 (9.3)
ȃȃMali	1550	67 (4.3)
Socioeconomic indicators
ȃCaretaker's educational level
ȃȃLess than primary school	3054	255 (8.4)	<.001a
ȃȃAt least primary school	2303	174 (7.6)
ȃElectricity in home
ȃȃNo	2303	269 (11.7)	<.001a
ȃȃYes	2303	174 (7.6)
Clinical findings
ȃDiarrhea type
ȃȃWatery	3895	376 (9.7)	.85
ȃȃBloody	711	67 (9.4)
ȃStunting (HAZ >−2)
ȃȃNo	3583	333 (9.3)	.16
ȃȃYes	1023	110 (10.8)
ȃFever
ȃȃNo	3972	381 (9.6)	.89
ȃȃYes	634	62 (9.8)
ȃVomiting
ȃȃNo	2463	224 (9.1)	.20
ȃȃYes	2143	219 (10.2)
ȃ Diarrhea stools per day
ȃȃ≤5	3804	345 (9.1)	.006a
ȃȃ>5	802	98 (12.2)
ȃWHO-defined dehydration
ȃȃNone	438	41 (9.4)	.004a
ȃȃSome	3527	313 (8.9)
ȃȃSevere	641	89 (13.9)
ȃLethargy
ȃȃNo	3043	244 (8.0)	<.001a
ȃȃYes	1562	199 (12.7)
ȃModified Vesikari score
ȃȃSevere	1219	142 (11.7)	<.001a
ȃȃModerate	1845	187 (10.1)
ȃȃMild	1538	114 (7.4)
ȃSkin pinch slow
ȃȃNo	3291	312 (9.5)	.62
ȃȃYes	1315	131 (10.0)
ȃMalnutrition
ȃȃNo	4025	386 (9.6)	.87
ȃȃYes	581	57 (9.8)

Abbreviations: HAZ, height-for-age z score; MSD, moderate-to-severe diarrhea; WHO, World Health Organization.

Significant at P < .05 (P values based on χ² test).