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Fed-batch fermentation of CCTCC NO: M2011265 and the related mutants Δvdh and ΔvdhΔphdB in a 3 L bioreactor. (A) Cell growth curves. The error bars (mean ± SD) were derived from triplicate samples. (B) Ferulic acid titer; (C) vanillin titer; and (D) vanillic acid titer. (■) Wild-type strain; (red ●) Δvdh mutant; and (blue ▲) ΔvdhΔphdB mutant.
