Table 8.

Risk of bias for full-text papers

Paper	Internal validity				External validity
	Selection bias: representative?	Attrition bias: adequate?	Detection bias: blind?	Confounding: adjustment?	Reporting bias (study group): well defined?	Reporting bias (follow-up): well defined?	Reporting bias (outcome): well defined?	Analyses: well defined?
Epstein et al., 2016 [42]	✔	✔	✖	?	?	✔	✔	✔
Regan et al., 2018 [43]	✔	✔	✖	✖	?	✔	✔	✖
Carter et al., 2019 [44]	✔	✔	✖	✖	✖	✔	✔	✖
Zuegge et al., 2019 [45]	✔	✔	✖	✖	✖	✔	✔	✔
Glenski et al., 2020 [46]	✔	✔	✖	✖	?	✔	✔	✔
McAlister et al., 2021 [47]	✔	✔	✖	?	?	✔	✔	✔