. 2023 Apr 20;23:183. doi: 10.1186/s12887-023-03990-7

Table 1.

Characteristics of the included studies

Number	Study number	Author	Country	Method
				Study design	Sample size			Intervention type	Enrolment time	Intervention duration	Content of intervention	Exposure region	Neonatal state at time of test	Age at time of test	Type of test
				Study design	Control group	Experiment group	Final total	Intervention type	Enrolment time	Intervention duration	Content of intervention	Exposure region	Neonatal state at time of test	Age at time of test	Type of test
1		Lang A et al. (2020) [23]	Austria	RCT	11	23	34, 11excluded	Rhymes with mother voice	34 GA weeks	mean:84 times of 5 min(420 min)	recorded mother and unfamiliar female voice with calm or lively rhythm	listening loudly	Preferably sleep	14.78 days (SD = 4.29) in the first recording and a mean age of 36.65 days (SD = 4.49) in the second recording	sleep-awake states based on polysomnography
2	Speech–brain coupling	Lang et al. (2020) [24]	Austria	RCT	12	22	34, 21 excluded	nursery rhymes with mother voice and non-maternal voice	< 34 GA weeks	At least 420 min	recorded mother and unfamiliar female voice with calm or lively rhythm	listening loudly	Preferably sleep	14.35 days (SD = 2.67) in the first recording and 36.48 days (SD = 3.43) in the second recording	hdEEG
2	Heart rate analyses	Lang et al. (2020) [24]	Austria	RCT	13	24	37, 18 excluded	nursery rhymes with mother voice and non-maternal voice	< 34 GA weeks	At least 420 min		listening loudly	Preferably sleep		ECG
3	1	Partanen E et al.(2013) [17]	Finland	RCT	11, 1excluded	10, 2 excluded	21	music melody, speech	29 + 0 GA weeks	mean:57 times of 15 min ( 855 min)	musical melodies	listening loudly	sleep	EG:16 d CG: 13 d	ERP, MMR
3	2	Partanen E et al.(2013) [17]	Finland	RCT	8, 4excluded	10, 2excluded	18	music melody, speech	29 + 0 GA weeks	mean:57 times of 15 min ( 855 min)	changed musical melodies	listening loudly	sleep	EG:144 d CG:133 d	ERP, MMR
4		Partanen E et al.(2013) [25]	Finland	RCT	16	17,11 excluded	33	nonvocal music, speech	29 + 0 GA weeks	mean: 60 times of CD (two 4-min sequences)(480 min)	three variants of pseudowords, free choice of nonvocal	listening via headphones	sleep	EG:5.5 d CG: 4 d	EEG, ERP, MMR
5		Arya R et al.(2012) [26]	India	RCT	134, 36excluded	126, 43excluded	260	music	EG:13.1 ± 2.4, CG:12.7 ± 2.9 GA weeks	173.3 (± 18.9) hours	instrumental music, natural sounds, chants from religious	listening via headphones	awake	day 2 or 3 of life	BNBAS
6	Experimental melody	Granier-Deferre C et al.(2011) [27]	France	RCT	15	13	50, 75excluded	music	35th,36th, and 37th weeks	mean: 39.24, SD = 2.05 sessions of 12 min (470 .88 min)	piano melody	listening loudly	sleep	EG:30.44 d, SD = 6.36 CG: Mean = 31.48 d, SD = 6.7	HR,HRV
6	Control melody	Granier-Deferre C et al.(2011) [27]	France	RCT	10	12	50, 75excluded	music	35th,36th, and 37th weeks	mean: 39.24, SD = 2.05 sessions of 12 min (470 .88 min)	piano melody	listening loudly	sleep	EG:30.44 d, SD = 6.36 CG: Mean = 31.48 d, SD = 6.7	HR,HRV
7		James D et al.(2002) [28]	UK	RCT	10	10	20	music	72 h prior to elective delivery (M:38 GA weeks)	240 min	a rhythmical music (little Brown Jug)	earphone on the maternal abdomen		days 3–5	neonatal behavioral states
8	Mother voice	Decasper A et al. (1986) [29]	USA	RCT	5	9	28, 17excluded	stories with mother voice	7.5 months pregnant	67 times of story ( about 210 min)	live mother voice of stories, recorded mother voice for testing	listening loudly	awake	55.8 h postnatal	IBI of nonnutritive sucking
8	Others voice	Decasper A et al. (1986) [29]	USA	RCT	7	7	28, 17excluded	stories with mother voice	7.5 months pregnant	67 times of story ( about 210 min)	live mother voice of stories, recorded mother voice for testing	listening loudly	awake	55.8 h postnatal	IBI of nonnutritive sucking