Table 5 -.
Demographic and Clinical Variables associated with Autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes in the Training and Validation Cohorts: the DiYA Study.
| Variables | Individuals in the Training Cohort (66.7%) |
Individuals in the Validation Cohort (33.3%) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DAA negative | DAA positive | Adjusted OR (95% CI) Model 1 |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) Model 2 |
DAA negative | DAA positive | Adjusted OR (95% CI) Model 1* |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) Model 2† |
|
| 92.3% | 7.7% | 91.6% | 8.4% | |||||
|
| ||||||||
|
DEMOGRAPHICS
Age at Dx (years) | ||||||||
| 20–24 | 82.2% | 17.8% | Reference | Reference | 82.3% | 17.7% | Reference | Reference |
| 25–29 | 90.7% | 9.3% | 0.58 (0.28,1.18) | 0.68 (0.31,1.47) | 88.2% | 11.8% | 0.75 (0.30,1.86) | 0.76 (0.27,2.13) |
| 30–39 | 92.2% | 7.8% | 0.51 (0.28,0.92) | 0.69 (0.35,1.35) | 91.6% | 8.4% | 0.60 (0.27,1.33) | 0.81 (0.33,2.00) |
| 40–45 | 93.5% | 6.5% | 0.39 (0.20,0.78) | 0.57 (0.26,1.25) | 93.2% | 6.8% | 0.46 (0.19,1.14) | 0.67 (0.24,1.86) |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 92.7% | 7.3% | 0.70 (0.47,1.05) | 0.70 (0.47,1.06) | 92.1% | 7.9% | 0.71 (0.44,1.16) | 0.71 (0.43,1.18) |
| Female | 91.8% | 8.2% | Reference | Reference | 91.0% | 9.0% | Reference | Reference |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Hispanic | 92.7% | 7.3% | 0.70 (0.41,1.18) | 0.79 (0.46,1.37) | 92.3% | 7.7% | 0.67 (0.39,1.17) | 0.82 (0.46,1.48) |
| Non-Hispanic White | 89.8% | 10.2% | Reference | Reference | 87.7% | 12.3% | Reference | Reference |
| Asian | 95.1% | 4.9% | 0.35 (0.16,0.75) | 0.43 (0.2,0.95) | 94.8% | 5.2% | 0.33 (0.14,0.80) | 0.43 (0.17,1.06) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 92.2% | 7.8% | 0.66 (0.30,1.45) | 0.7 (0.31,1.59) | 93.0% | 7.0% | 0.52 (0.20,1.38) | 0.66 (0.24,1.78) |
| Other/missing race | 87.8% | 12.2% | 1.19 (0.52,2.77) | 1.38 (0.59,3.21) | 86.4% | 13.6% | 1.17 (0.39,3.51) | 1.51 (0.49,4.65) |
|
CLINICAL
BMI Category at Dx (kg/m2) | ||||||||
| <20 | 50.1% | 49.9% | 2.66 (0.92,7.64) | 2.15 (0.63,7.3) | 41.6% | 58.4% | 2.38 (0.42,13.47) | 1.19 (0.16,8.67) |
| 20–24 | 80.4% | 19.6% | Reference | Reference | 71.1% | 28.9% | Reference | Reference |
| 25–29 | 89.7% | 10.3% | 0.51 (0.31,0.84) | 0.67 (0.39,1.16) | 88.3% | 11.7% | 0.35 (0.18,0.70) | 0.48 (0.22,1.04) |
| 30–39 | 93.5% | 6.5% | 0.27 (0.16,0.45) | 0.38 (0.21,0.70) | 93.8% | 6.2% | 0.16 (0.08,0.33) | 0.25 (0.11,0.58) |
| ≥40 | 94.4% | 5.6% | 0.19 (0.11,0.35) | 0.29 (0.15,0.56) | 94.5% | 5.5% | 0.12 (0.05,0.29) | 0.20 (0.08,0.52) |
| HbA1c % mean (SD) | 8.4 (2.3) | 9.2 (2.7) | 1.11 (1.02,1.22) | 1.08 (0.98,1.18) | 8.5 (2.3) | 9.5 (2.7) | 1.15 (1.04,1.27) | 1.11 (0.99,1.23) |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol), mean, (SD) | 68 (2) | 77 (6) | 69 (2) | 80 (6) | ||||
| Total Cholesterol | 194.3 (54.1) | 185.9 (48.6) | 0.995 (0.991,1.000) | 0.995 (0.991,1.000) | 196.3 (55.7) | 189.9 (50.4) | 0.995(0.990,1.000) | 0.995(0.990,1.000) |
| Any Insulin use (≤6 mos.) | 77.5% | 22.5% | 1.86 (1.06,3.27) | 73.1% | 26.9% | 1.90 (0.98,3.68) | ||
| % type 1 diabetes ICD10 codes ‡ | 0.6 (6.8) | 8.7 (25.9) | 1.02 (1.01,1.03) | 0.9 (8.51) | 14.6 (32.45) | 1.02 (1.01,1.03) | ||
| AUC (95% CI)§ | 0.678 (0.674–0.682) | 0.706 (0.700–0.711) | 0.686 (0.682–0.690) | 0.719 (0.714–0.724) | ||||
Note: All of the variables shown in these models improved the AUC, even if they do not have significant CIs.
Model 1 includes: demographics (younger age, female sex, NHW race/ethnicity) and clinical characteristics at time of diagnosis (higher hemoglobin HbA1c, lower BMI, and lower total cholesterol).
Model 2 includes: variables in model 1 plus insulin use within 6 months of diabetes diagnosis and percent of ICD-10 codes that were for type 1 diabetes out of all diabetes diagnosis codes in the first 6 months after diagnosis.
Out of all diabetes codes in the 6 months after diagnosis.
AUC: Area under the curve. AUC > 0.5 indicates that the model predicts diabetes autoantibody status greater than chance alone.