Table 2.
Adjusted generalized estimating equation (GEE) models of any 11-item I/ADL difficulty without help among with probable dementia or CIND by gender and race/ethnicity
| Total Obs. (living alone) | Prevalence ratio [95% CI] | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | All Women, living alone (versus with others) | 18,807(6,602) | 1.08 [1.01, 1.14]∗∗ |
| Model 1A | Non-Hispanic White Women, living alone (versus with others) | 9,872(3,996) | 1.06 [0.99, 1.15] |
| Model 1B | Non-Hispanic Black Women, living alone (versus with others) | 5,463(1,773) | 1.07 [0.97, 1.20] |
| Model 1C | Latina/Hispanic Women, living alone (versus with others) | 3,472(833) | 1.06 [0.89, 1.25] |
| Model 2 | All Men, living alone (versus with others) | 14,733(2,973) | 1.20 [1.09, 1.31]∗∗∗ |
| Model 2A | Non-Hispanic White Men, living alone (versus with others) | 8,724(1736) | 1.21 [1.07, 1.34]∗∗∗ |
| Model 2B | Non-Hispanic Black Men, living alone (versus with others) | 3,679(962) | 1.11 [0.94, 1.31] |
| Model 2C | Latinx/Hispanic Men, living alone (versus with others) | 2,330(275) | 1.34 [0.97, 1.77] |
Underlying data are pooled observations of respondents with cognitive impaired not dementia (CIND) or probable dementia observed in the 2000–2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. Sample weights are set equal to the respondent’s average weight in the sample. The prevalence ratios and their 95% confidence intervals are presented from a generalized estimating equation (“geeglm”) configured to the Poisson distribution, logit link function, and unstructured within-group correlation. Covariates include age in years, survey wave, educational attainment, urban rural residency, and Medicaid. I/ADL, basic and instrumental activities of daily living (11 items including: dressing, walking across room, bathing, eating, getting in and out of bed, toileting, preparing a hot meal, shopping for groceries, making phone calls, taking medications, and managing money); CIND, Cognitive impairment no dementia (describes individuals whose cognitive functioning falls below normal but who do not meet dementia criteria). Asterisks denote statistical significance at
p < 0.05.
p < 0.01.
p < 0.001.