. 2023 Feb 20;93(3):335–340. doi: 10.2319/091722-649.1

Table 2. .

Levels of Cytokines and Bone Metabolism Biomarkers in GCF (pg/mL) of Patients Undergoing Fixed Orthodontic Treatment With CLAs and Aligners (n = 25 each) at T0 and T1^a

Biomarkers in GCF	Groups			P Value
Biomarkers in GCF	Groups	T0, Mean ± SD	T1, Mean ± SD	P Value
TNF-α (pg/mL)	CLA	7.22 ± 1.21	14.21 ± 1.21^b	.01^c
TNF-α (pg/mL)	Aligner	5.25 ± 1.65	11.28 ± 1.22^b	.01^c
IL-α (pg/mL)	CLA	0.082 ± 0.001	6.68 ± 1.22^b	.02^c
IL-α (pg/mL)	Aligner	0.025 ± 0.004	9.22 ± 1.55^b	.01^c
IL-β (pg/mL)	CLA	8.90 ± 0.22	21.45 ± 1.88	.01^c
IL-β (pg/mL)	Aligner	7.94 ± 0.66	18.29 ± 2.57	.01^c
IL-2 (pg/mL)	CLA	3.9 ± 1.23	13.9 ± 2.05^b	.01^c
IL-2 (pg/mL)	Aligner	2.98 ± 1.01	16.3 ± 2.14^b	.01^c
IL-6 (pg/mL)	CLA	3.65 ± 1.21	12.25 ± 1.26^b	.02^c
IL-6 (pg/mL)	Aligner	3.79 ± 1.82	17.88 ± 1.58^b	.01^c
IL-8 (pg/mL)	CLA	0.68 ± 0.02	1.39 ± 0.84^b	.01^c
IL-8 (pg/mL)	Aligner	0.74 ± 0.04	3.91 ± 0.11^b	.01^c
OPG (pg/μL)	CLA	51.171 ± 13.54	19.23 ± 12.33^b	.01^c
OPG (pg/μL)	Aligner	49.25 ± 14.33	23.75 ± 11.11^b	.01^c
OPN (ng/μL)	CLA	11.25 ± 1.56	23.85 ± 1.41^b	.01^c
OPN (ng/μL)	Aligner	10.89 ± 1.89	17.10 ± 0.85^b	.01^c
RANK-L (pg/μL)	CLA	0.7 ± 0.1	1.9 ± 0.2^b	.01^c
RANK-L (pg/μL)	Aligner	0.6 ± 0.1	1.3 ± 0.1^b	.01^c

CLA, conventional labial appliance; GCF, gingival crevicular fluid; IL, interleukin; OPG, osteoprotegerin; OPN, osteopontin; RANK-L (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-ligand); SD, standard deviation; T0, baseline; T1, at the 1-month follow-up; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α.

Labial appliances and aligners compared with unpaired t-tests showing statistical significance (P < .05).

Denotes statistically significant changes in levels of cytokines from baseline to follow-up within groups by paired t-tests.