Table 3.

Association between early childhood co-sleeping and preadolescent behavior problems.

	YSR Wave 2				CBCL Wave 2				TRF Wave 2				FACTOR SCORE Wave 2				AVERAGE SCORE Wave 2
	OR	p	Confidence Interval		OR	p	Confidence Interval		OR	p	Confidence Interval		OR	p	Confidence Interval		OR	p	Confidence Interval
Internalizing Problems
Anxious/depressed	1.69	<0.001***	1.43	2.00	1.37	0.036*	1.02	1.84	1.50	0.139	0.88	2.58	2.08	<0.001***	1.66	2.61	1.79	<0.001***	1.52	2.11
Withdrawal/depressed	1.94	0.116	0.85	4.44	1.73	0.002**	1.22	2.47	1.32	0.174	0.89	1.96	2.27	<0.001***	1.42	3.65	2.71	<0.001***	2.12	3.45
Somatic Problems	0.94	0.519	0.78	1.13	0.86	0.684	0.42	1.77	2.31	0.143	0.75	7.11	1.38	0.001**	1.14	1.68	1.29	0.228	0.85	1.96
Subtotal: Internalizing Problems	1.46	<0.001***	1.23	1.73	1.20	0.046*	1.00	1.44	1.69	0.047*	1.01	2.83	2.00	<0.001***	1.45	2.76	2.03	<0.001***	1.48	2.78
Externalizing Problems
Rule-breaking Behavior	1.48	0.071	0.97	2.26	1.16	0.448	0.79	1.72	1.19	0.505	0.71	2.01	1.56	0.129	0.88	2.79	1.56	0.129	0.88	2.79
Aggressive Behavior	1.05	0.791	0.74	1.48	1.31	0.027*	1.03	1.65	1.00	0.999	0.72	1.39	1.59	0.023*	1.06	2.37	1.73	0.009**	1.15	2.62
Subtotal: Externalizing Problems	1.19	0.478	0.73	1.94	1.29	0.067	0.98	1.70	1.20	0.511	0.69	2.09	2.00	<0.001***	1.42	2.82	1.93	<0.001***	1.31	2.86
Other Behavior problems
Social Problems	1.16	0.506	0.75	1.77	1.46	0.072	0.97	2.22	1.90	0.002**	1.26	2.85	1.58	<0.001***	1.21	2.07	1.51	0.010*	1.10	2.08
Thought Problems	1.27	0.247	0.85	1.91	1.15	0.673	0.61	2.16	1.29	0.039*	1.01	1.64	1.34	0.057	0.99	1.81	1.68	<0.001***	1.30	2.18
Attention Problems	1.40	0.103	0.93	2.11	1.14	0.538	0.75	1.74	1.44	0.151	0.88	2.36	1.88	<0.001***	1.55	2.29	1.63	0.029*	1.05	2.54
Total Score	1.30	0.375	0.73	2.34	1.47	0.049*	1.00	2.15	1.36	0.287	0.77	2.39	1.71	0.014*	1.11	2.61	1.80	0.009**	1.16	2.80
DSM-oriented Scales
Affective Problems	1.35	0.313	0.75	2.41	1.15	0.368	0.85	1.56	1.03	0.917	0.62	1.71	1.67	<0.001***	1.34	2.07	1.77	<0.001***	1.30	2.42
Anxiety Problems	1.77	0.003**	1.22	2.57	1.32	<0.001***	1.16	1.50	1.62	0.105	0.90	2.92	1.68	0.014*	1.11	2.55	1.68	0.014*	1.11	2.55
Somatic Problems	0.90	0.539	0.63	1.27	0.80	0.363	0.49	1.29	2.25	0.181	0.69	7.39	0.81	0.352	0.52	1.26	0.84	0.415	0.55	1.28
ADH Problems	1.52	0.003**	1.15	2.00	1.33	0.087	0.96	1.86	1.39	0.162	0.88	2.22	1.40	0.008**	1.09	1.79	1.82	<0.001***	1.41	2.34
Oppositional Defiant Problems	1.34	0.231	0.83	2.18	1.29	0.101	0.95	1.74	1.55	0.197	0.80	3.03	1.50	0.129	0.89	2.52	1.90	<0.001***	1.41	2.55
Conduct Problems	1.30	0.361	0.74	2.30	1.43	0.011*	1.09	1.89	0.91	0.741	0.54	1.56	1.27	0.415	0.72	2.23	1.47	0.153	0.87	2.49

Adjusted for age, sex, parents’ education and mixed effect of location, heteroscedasticity assumed for robustness of analysis result.

YSR, Youth Self Report; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; TRF, Teacher’s Report Form; DSM, diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders; ADH problems, attention deficit hyperactivity problems; OR, odds ratio.

^*p ≤.10;

^**p ≤.05;

^***p ≤.01.