Table 2.
Individual Study Characteristics, Treatment Characteristics, Assessments, and Outcomes.
| Rehabilitation techniques | Study | Design | Stimulation Site |
Parameter /Session |
Assessments | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TMS | Korzhova et al., 2019 (48) | Divided randomly into three groups HF-rTMS (20 Hz)or iTBS or sham stimulation. | motor cortex(M1) |
20Hz 80% MT 1200 pulses 2 weeks or bursts 5 Hz, 35 Hz, 80% MT 1200 pulses 2 weeks | MAS, SESS |
Both HF-rTMS and iTBS can improve secondary spasticity in multiple sclerosis |
| Gaede et al., 2017 (49) | Divided randomly into three groups(5Hz or 18Hz or sham stimulation) | PFC M1 | 5Hz 90% RMT 800 pulses 6 weeks or 18Hz 120%RMT 1800 pulses 6 weeks |
FEE, Beck Depression Inventory scores. |
The fatigue relief rate of PFC group and M1 group was higher than that of the false stimulation group;All patients with fatigue at BL showed significant improvement after treatment | |
| Hulst et al., 2017 (50) | MS group and healthy controls | DLPFC | 10Hz 80% RMT 3000 pulses | Wechsler Adult, Intelligence Scale, Functional MRI |
TMS therapy improves the accuracy and cognitive function of task oriented training in patients with MS | |
| Centonze et al., 2007 (51) | MS group | motor cortex(M1) | 5Hz 100% RMT 1000 pulses 5 days | urodynamic evaluation | TMS can regulate detrusor activity and urination symptoms in multiple sclerosis, but has no effect on urinary storage function | |
| VR | Munari et al 2020 (52) | RAGT + VR group and VR group | 5 minutes for positioning the patient on the device, 30 minutes for RAGT, and 5minutes for removing the patient | 40 minutes/day, 2 days/week total of 12 sessions. |
Quality of Life-54, 2-MinutesWalk Test, 10-Meter WalkingTest, BBS |
The BBS score of VR combined with robot training group was significantly higher than that of robot training group (P<0.05) |
| Casuso-Holgado et al.2018 (53) | meta-analysis | PubMed PEDro CDSR CINHAL |
All databases were searched from their inception until February 2018 | PEDro scale | VR balance training is more effective than no intervention for postural control improvement | |
| Peruzzi et al 2016 (54) | Control group experimental group |
treadmill training VR+treadmill training | 45min/time,three times/week for six weeks total of 18 sessions | the six-minute walk test,Berg | VR can improve the walking endurance and speed, cadence and stride length, lower limb joint ranges of motion and powers, during single and dual task gait. | |
| Jonsdottir et al 2019 (55) | experimental group | a serious games |
45min/time total of 12 sessions | the Nine Hole Peg Test, BBT | VR can improve upper limb motor function and help with family rehabilitation therapy | |
| Maggio et al 2022 (56) | Control group group+sVRT | evaluate the effect of sVRT | 5 min warm-up+ 5 min strengthen+ 20 min gait + CR training,60min/time,3times/week, total of 24 sessions | MoCA,BDI,ROCF,ROCF COPY,ROCF IR,ROCF DR, MSQOL-54 |
VR cognitive training can potentiate MS patients’ rehabilitation outcome, with positive results on both motor and cognitive performance. | |
| RAGT | Gandoli et al 2014 (57) | The RAGT group and The SIBT group | Compare RAGT with SIBT | 50min/time,2 times/week, total of 12 sessions | walking speed,Breg | Within groups comparisons showed that both groups had improved balance, and only in RAGT did improvements in gait speed be found |
| Dalgas et al 2011 (58) | A systematic review | none | Summary of other documents | 6-min walking distance,20-meter walking velocity,Stride length, | RAGT training not only provides more effective support for walking training but also simulates a near-normal gait | |
| Straudi et al 2020 (59) | RAGT group or CT group | overground walking or RAGT | 12 2-hour training sessions over a 4-week period. | 6MWT,BBS,TUG,FSS, PHQ,SF-36, MSIS-29 MSWS-12 |
At the end of treatment with respect to baseline, both groups significantly improved gait speed (p<0.001) | |
| TR | Charvet et al 2017 (60) | experimental group | active control of ordinary computer games | 15 minutes gaming,Each daily training session consisted four exercises chosen from an active set of six, | Neuropsychological Test | Home-based TR training can improve the cognitive function of MS patients |
| Jeong et al 2021 (61) | Control group experimental group | exercise program on a daily life | home-based individualized exercise+TR system | MSQOL-54 | TR has a positive effect on the symptoms and quality of life of MS | |
| Jeong et al 2020 (62) | experimental group | TR system on the quality of sleep | use the system for 3 months | PSQI | TR system can improve the sleep quality of MS patients | |
| tDCS | Mori et al 2010 (63) | False stimulation and tDCS group | the posterior fossa | Eligible studies of PD,ET and PSP | VAS Quality of life |
tDCS can improve the pain and quality of life and can reduce the chronic central pain of MS patients, and the action time can achieve an ideal effect. |
| Workman et al 2020 (64) | False stimulation and tDCS group | M1 | 2 mA 20min/time, total of 5 days | FSS,VAS,BDI | the knee extensor fatigue, fatigue and pain of patients in the tDCS group decreased, but the depression score did not change significantly |