Table 1.
Characteristic at baseline between AKI and non-AKI group.
| Variable | Total (n = 1,322) | Non-AKI (n = 825) | AKI (n = 497) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 50 [35, 62] | 43 [30, 57] | 58 [46, 68] | <0.001 |
| Gender (Female) | 689 (52.1) | 425 (51.5) | 264 (53.1) | 0.572 |
| Weight, Kg | 73.2 [62.0, 87.1] | 70.0 [60.3, 83.6] | 78.5 [66.0, 94.0] | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity | 0.028 | |||
| White | 742 (56.1) | 474 (57.4) | 268 (53.9) | |
| African-American | 364 (27.5) | 223 (27.0) | 141 (28.3) | |
| Hispanic-American | 76 (5.7) | 51 (6.2) | 25 (5.0) | |
| Asian | 28 (2.1) | 21 (2.5) | 7 (1.4) | |
| Other | 112 (8.5) | 56 (6.8) | 56 (11.3) | |
| DM type | <0.001 | |||
| T1DM | 821 (62.1) | 546 (66.2) | 275 (55.3) | |
| T2DM | 373 (28.2) | 209 (25.3) | 164 (33.1) | |
| Other | 128 (9.7) | 70 (8.5) | 58 (11.7) | |
| HR, beats/min | 100 [88, 111.000] | 101 [89, 113] | 98 [85, 109] | <0.001 |
| RR, breaths/min | 19 [16, 23] | 19 [16, 23] | 20 [17, 24] | 0.002 |
| SBP, mmHg | 129 [114, 145] | 128 [115, 144] | 130 [111, 147] | 0.907 |
| DBP, mmHg | 71 [60, 83] | 72 [62, 83] | 69 [56, 82] | 0.002 |
| Microangiopathy (Yes) | 691 (52.3) | 411 (49.8) | 280 (56.3) | 0.022 |
| Macroangiopathy (Yes) | 319 (24.1) | 260 (31.5) | 59 (11.9) | <0.001 |
| Preexisting CKD | <0.001 | |||
| Non-CKD | 1,006 (76.1) | 704 (85.3) | 302 (60.8) | |
| Stage1-3 | 251 (18.9) | 115 (13.9) | 136 (27.4) | |
| Stage3-4 | 65 (4.9) | 6 (0.7) | 59 (11.9) | |
| UTI (Yes) | 147 (11.120) | 71 (8.606) | 76 (15.292) | <0.001 |
| Pneumonia (Yes) | 58 (4.387) | 18 (2.182) | 40 (8.048) | <0.001 |
| Liver disease (Yes) | 124 (9.4) | 73 (8.8) | 51 (10.3) | 0.393 |
| History of hypertension (Yes) | 513 (38.8) | 305 (37.0) | 208 (41.9) | 0.078 |
| History of CHF (Yes) | 208 (15.7) | 69 (8.4) | 139 (27.9) | <0.001 |
| History of AMI (Yes) | 213 (16.1) | 83 (10.1) | 130 (26.2) | <0.001 |
| History of ACI (Yes) | 91 (6.9) | 28 (3.4) | 63 (12.7) | <0.001 |
| Malignant Cancer (Yes) | 59 (4.463) | 33 (4.000) | 26 (5.231) | 0.294 |
| Bicarbonate, mEq/L | 21.0 [18.0, 25.0] | 21.0 [17.0, 25.0] | 22.0 [18.0, 25.0] | 0.005 |
| WBC, K/μL | 8.2 [5.9, 11.9] | 7.8 [5.8, 11.0] | 9.0 [6.4, 13.5] | <0.001 |
| PLT, K/μL | 228.0 [175.0, 289.0] | 227.0 [177.0, 283.0] | 229.0 [167.0, 298.0] | 0.711 |
| Hb, g/dl | 10.9 [9.3, 12.3] | 11.4 [10.1, 12.6] | 9.8 [8.5, 11.3] | <0.001 |
| Sodium, mEq/L | 138.0 [135.0, 140.0] | 137.0 [135.0, 140.0] | 138.0 [135.0, 141.0] | 0.006 |
| Chloride, mEq/L | 104.0 [100.0, 108.0] | 104.0 [101.0, 108.0] | 103.000 [99.0, 109.0] | 0.004 |
| Calcium, mEq/L | 8.400 [8.0, 8.8] | 8.400 [8.0, 8.8] | 8.400 [7.9, 8.8] | 0.339 |
| Phosphate, mEq/L | 2.7 [1.900, 3.700] | 2.400 [1.7, 3.2] | 3.300 [2.3, 4.5] | <0.001 |
| AG | 14.0 [12.0, 17.0] | 14.0 [12.0, 17.0] | 15.000 [12.0, 18.0] | 0.015 |
| Total osmotic pressure | 494.600 [440.0, 560.2] | 492.0 [437.6, 555.2] | 498.400 [447.4, 570.6] | 0.024 |
| BUN, mg/dl | 16.0 [9.0, 31.0] | 13.0 [8.0, 20.0] | 28.0 [14.0, 46.0] | <0.001 |
| Scr, mg/dl | 0.9 [0.7, 1.5] | 0.8 [0.6, 1.1] | 1.4 [0.9, 2.5] | <0.001 |
| Potassium, mEq/L | 4.1 [3.7, 4.5] | 4.0 [3.7, 4.4] | 4.2 [3.8, 4.7] | <0.001 |
| Blood glucose, mg/dl | 188.0 [135.0, 257.000] | 191.0 [139.0, 258.0] | 183.000 [130.0, 251.0] | 0.174 |
| Infusion volume, mL | 12020.0 [7700.0, 17320.000] | 11890.0 [7700.0, 16600.0] | 12400.000 [7805.0, 18010.0] | 0.061 |
| Urine output, mL | 1950.0 [1085.0, 3000.0] | 2300.0 [1470.0, 3440.0] | 1300.000 [600.0, 2250.0] | <0.001 |
| eGFR | 0.992 [0.854, 1.093] | 1.000 [0.882, 1.114] | 0.930 [0.829, 1.067] | <0.001 |
| Use of NaHCO3 (Yes) | 123 (9.304) | 41 (4.970) | 82 (16.499) | <0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation (Yes) | 152 (11.498) | 31 (3.758) | 121 (24.346) | <0.001 |
| GCS | 15.000 [15.000, 15.000] | 15.000 [15.000, 15.000] | 15.000 [15.000, 15.000] | <0.001 |
| CRRT (Yes) | 77 (5.825) | 4 (0.485) | 73 (14.688) | <0.001 |
| OASIS | 25.000 [21.000, 31.000] | 23.000 [20.000, 27.000] | 30.000 [25.000, 39.000] | <0.001 |
| SOFA | 3.000 [1.000, 5.000] | 2.000 [1.000, 3.000] | 5.000 [3.000, 8.000] | <0.001 |
| SAPSII | 26.000 [19.000, 36.000] | 22.000 [16.000, 29.000] | 36.000 [26.000, 45.000] | <0.001 |
| HLOS, days | 4.838 [2.969, 8.487] | 3.890 [2.647, 6.051] | 7.654 [4.158, 13.670] | <0.001 |
| Hospital mortality (Yes) | 61 (4.614) | 11 (1.333) | 50 (10.060) | <0.001 |
AKI, acute kidney injury; DM, diabetic mellitus; T1DM, type 1 DM; T2DM, type 2 DM; HR, heart rate; RR, respiratory rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure, DBP, diastolic blood pressure, CKD, chronic kidney diseases, UTI, urinary tract infection; CHF, congestive heart failure; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; ACI, acute cerebral infarction; WBC, white blood cell; PLT, platelets count; Hb, hemoglobin; AG, anion gap; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Scr, serum creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GCS, Glasgow coma scale; OASIS, oxford acute severity of illness score; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; SAPS-II, simplified acute physiology score II; HLOS, hospital length of stay.