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. 2023 Mar 27;2(4):pgad101. doi: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad101

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© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of National Academy of Sciences.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 5. — Increased inflammatory markers with impairment in aged mice. (a) Relative fold increases (compared to young, n = 5) in age-related hippocampal RNA expression of cytokines IL-1β (P = 0.017) and TNF-α (P = 0.0007) and the increase in IL-6 (P = 0.021) between aged–impaired (n = 9) and aged–intact (n = 6) groups. b) Bar plots depicting the changes in serum cytokine levels of CXCL1 (P = 0.0068), IL-6 (P = 0.0086), TNF-α, CXCL10 (P = 0.0199), and CXCL5 (P = 0.0426) between the aged–impaired (n = 5) and aged–intact (n = 5) groups relative to young (n = 6). c) Schematic representing mitochondrial mechanisms, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers underlying cognitive heterogeneity. For all graphs, colors represent the following: young (white), aged–intact (blue), aged–impaired (red). Error bars depict the mean ± SEM. Significance was tested using one-way ANOVA (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001).