Table 1. Demographic and clinical data of the study participants.
| Characteristic | T2DM (n = 47) | Controls (n = 78) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean ± SD) | 47.8 (8.8) | 41.6 (11.5) | 0.020c | |
| Male [n (%)] | 17 (36.2) | 19 (24.4) | 0.157b | |
| Female [n (%)] | 30 (63.8) | 59 (75.6) | ||
| Caucasian [n (%)] | 39 (83.0) | 62 (79.5) | 0.631b | |
| Afro-Brazilian [n (%)] | 8 (17.0) | 16 (20.5) | ||
| Obesity [n (%)] | ||||
| Class I (BMI: 30 – 34.99) | 23 (48.9) | 43 (55.1) | ||
| Class II (BMI: 35 – 39.99) | 13 (27.7) | 24 (30.8) | 0.416b | |
| Class III (BMI: ≥ 40) | 11 (23.4) | 11 (14.1) | ||
| Retinopathy [n (%)] | 3 (6.4) | 0 | < 0.05a | |
| Nephropathy [n (%)] | 7 (14.8) | 0 | < 0.05a | |
| Neuropathy [n (%)] | 7 (14.8) | 0 | < 0.05a | |
| Hypertension [n (%)] | 24 (51.1) | 30 (38.5) | 0.168b | |
| Dyslipidemia [n (%)] | 25 (53.2) | 12 (15.4) | < 0.05b | |
| Cardiovascular disease [n (%)] | 3 (6.4) | 1 (1.3) | 0.148a | |
T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; SD: standard deviation
a
Fisher exact test;
b
Pearson chi-square test or chi-square goodness-of-fit test;
c
Student's t-test.