Table 1. Descriptive characteristics of a young adults sample, 2002-2004 Ribeirão Preto cohort, Brazil, fourth follow-up.
| Characteristics | Total (n = 468) | Men (n = 233) | Women (n = 235) | p-value1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 23.5 (0.5) | 23.5 (0.03) | 23.5 (0.03) | 0.312 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.7 (4.2) | 24.7 (0.27) | 22.7 (0.26) | < 0.001 | |
| WC (cm)2 | 0.025 | ||||
| Normal | 363 (78.0) | 180 (49.6) | 183 (50.4) | ||
| Increased | 105 (22.0) | 53 (50.5) | 52 (49.5) | ||
| Skin color | 0.070 | ||||
| White | 304 (65.0) | 142 (46.7) | 162 (53.3) | ||
| Black/mullato/yellow | 164 (35.0) | 91 (55.5) | 73 (44.5) | ||
| Schooling (years) | 0.277 | ||||
| ≤ 8 | 58 (12.0) | 27 (46.5) | 31 (53.5) | ||
| 9-11 | 262 (56.0) | 139 (53.0) | 123 (47.0) | ||
| ≥ 12 | 148 (32.0) | 67 (45.3) | 81 (54.7) | ||
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2188.9 (713.4) | 2415.9 (45.8) | 1963.8 (42.6) | < 0.001 | |
| Alcohol consumption (% of EI/day) | 1.8 (2.3) | 2.44 (0.16) | 1.13 (0.12) | < 0.001 | |
| Physical activity | 0.002 | ||||
| Low | 121 (26) | 46 (38.0) | 75 (62.0) | ||
| Moderate | 200 (43) | 99 (49.5) | 101 (50.5) | ||
| High | 147 (31) | 88 (59.9) | 59 (40.1) | ||
| Smoking | 0.016 | ||||
| Yes | 68 (85.0) | 43 (63.2) | 25 (36.8) | ||
| No | 400 (15.0) | 190 (47.5) | 210 (52.5) | ||
| HOMA1-IR | 1.1 (0.7;1.7) | 1.26 (0.78;1.92) | 1.1 (0.7;1.5) | 0.016 | |
| HOMA2-S | 136.6 (92.7;217.9) | 131.5 (83.1;204.8) | 140.2 (100;223.6) | 0.104 | |
| HOMA2-β | 98.1 (73.7;132.4) | 92.4 (69.9;131) | 104.3 (76.5;134.2) | 0.024 | |
| Osteocalcin (ng/mL) | 12.6 (5.1) | 14.01 (0.33) | 11.22 (0.31) | < 0.001 | |
| BMD Spinal (g/cm2) | 1.0 (0.1) | 1.06 (0.00) | 0.99 (0.00) | < 0.001 | |
| BMD Femoral neck (g/cm2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 1.00 (0.01) | 0.84 (0.00) | < 0.001 | |
| BMD Proximal femur (g/cm2) | 1.0 (0.2) | 1.09 (0.01) | 0.90 (0.00) | < 0.001 | |
Continuous variables are expressed as mean (standard deviation)
1
p-value refers to the Student's t-test or median (interquartile range) and Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables are expressed as absolute and relative frequency and compared by qui-squared test.
2
Categorized using World Health Organization cutoff points, normal WC: < 80 cm for women and < 94 cm for men; increased WC: ≥ 80 cm for women and ≥ 94 cm for men.
For EI variable, we had 1 exclusion due to high calorie value (> 6000 kcal/day).
BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; EI: energy intake; HOMA: homeostatic model assessment; HOMA1-IR: insulin resistance; HOMA2-S: insulin sensitivity; HOMA2-β: β-cell function (insulin secretion); BMD: bone mineral density.