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. 2022 Nov 10;66(5):621–632. doi: 10.20945/2359-3997000000551

Table 2. Studies involving sarcopenic obesity in obese adults by body mass index.

Studies Population Obesity Sarcopenia Outcome Methods Prevalence of sarcopenic obesity
Crispim Carvalho 2019 (46) Brazil (W)
Age:(24-57 years)
BMI 42.6 kg/m2
*BS indication
ASMM/Weight
ASMM/BMI
Lowest quintile
(Muscle function was assessed but not entered into the diagnosis)
Body fat percentage, handgrip strength, six-minute walk test, metabolic perfil, bone mineral density BIA ASMM/Weight
30.5%
ASMM/BMI
20.33%
Johnson Stoklossa, Ghosh, 2017 (38) Canadians (W/M)
Age: (46.9 years)
BMI: 43.5 kg/m2
*BS indication
ASMM/Weight
*Lowest quintile
+ < 2SD of the group mean
ADL difficulties DXA W: 22.3%
M: 41.2%
Johnson Stoklossa, Sharma, 2017 (96) Canadians (W/M)
Age: (18-69 years)
Mean: 46.9 years
BMI:43.5 kg/m2 *BS indication – ASMM/Weight
– ASMM/BMI
– ASMM/fat mass (residual)
– ASMM/height #
– ASMM #
– ASMM #
Lowest quintile + < 2SD of the group mean
_ DXA – MMEA/Weight
– Newman (residual)
M: 17.6%/ W:19.4%
– IMM by Prado: 13.3%
– MMEA adjusted for weight, BMI and fat mass:
W: 12.6-84.5%
M: 17.6-100%
#did not identify sarcopenia
Kreidieh, 2018 (37) Lebanon (W)
Age: (33.26 years)
BMI 31.42 kg/m2
*Overweight and obesity
ASMM/BMI
Cutoff
(FINH-0.512 m2)
Association with DM and SAH BIA W: 20.1%
Mastino, 2016 (90) Italians
(M/H)
Age:
– Sarcopenic: 44 years
– Non-sarcopenic: 47 years
BMI
Sarcopenic:
41.1 kg/m2
Non-sarcopenic:
42.9 kg/m2
ASMM/height 2
*Lower tercile
(Muscle function was assessed but not entered into the diagnosis)
Weight loss after BS and resolution of comorbidities
(no difference)
BIA Not reported
Poggiogalle, 2016 (35) Italians
18-65 years
Mean: 45.72 years
BMI:
37.74 kg/m2
ASMM/Weight x 100
ASMM/height2
-2 SD below young adult (20-39)
Metabolic syndrome DXA ASMM/Weight x 100
M: 34.8%/W: 50.1%
ASMM/height2:
M: 1%/W: 0.6%
Prado, 2014 (45) Americans
(NHANES)
Age:
≥ 18 years
Mean:
M: 44.57 years
W: 46.8 years
Fat mass/height2
(*Decile 50-100)
*Obese subgroup by BMI
ASMM/height2
*Decile 0-49.9
_ DXA M: 2.3%
W: 0.3%
Srikanthan, 2010 (36) Americans
(NHANES)
Age:< 60 years
(Mean 37 years)
BMI > 30 kg/m2 SMM/Weight x 100 IR (HOMA-IR)
HbA1c
Pre-DM
DM
*risk for all outcomes
BIA 3.39%

NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; BMI: body mass index; SMM: skeletal muscle mass; IR: insulin resistance; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; DM: diabetes mellitus; BIA: bioimpedance; W: women; M: man, ASMM: appendicular skeletal muscle mass; DXA: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; BS: bariatric surgery; ADL: activities of daily living; FNIH: Foundation for the National Institute of Health; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension.

*

With the exception of the highest cut-off point for the height.