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GLP-1: glucagon like peptide 1; DPP-4: dipeptidyl-peptidase 4; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; mRNA: messenger RNA; IL-6: interleukin 6; IL-1β: interleukin 1β; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; pIR-β: phosphorylated insulin receptor type β; PTP1B: protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B; IRS-1: insulin receptor substrate 1; pAkt: activated protein kinase B.
