Table 3.
An overview of multiple studies conducted to investigate the broad spectrum of microbial surfactants and their possible uses in the cosmetic sector.
| Biosurfactant type or producing organism | Research objective or application | Key findings | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| N-dodecyl asparagine (AS), sodium N-dodecyl tryptophan (TS), and sodium N-dodecyl histidine (HS) | To detect antimicrobial antidermatophyte properties activity AS, TS, and HS | (i) Antimicrobial activity against Shigella dysenteriae, Bacillus cereus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, Trichophyton mantigrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, Candida albicans, Trichosporon cataneum, and Cryptococcus neoformans | Fawzy et al. [126] |
| Emulsion of mannosyl erythritol lipid (MEL) biosurfactant with Thymus vulgaris, Lippia sidoides, and Cymbopogon citratus essential oil emulsions | To detect prepared emulsion antimicrobial activity | (i) Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus flavus, fusarium oxysporum, and Candida albicans | Zanotto et al. [127] |
| CATASAN produced by Psychrobacter sp. TAE2020 | Antibiofilm and antibacterial | (i) Antibiofilm and antibacterial against Staphylococcus epidermidis (ii) Good emulsification activity in a wide range of pH and temperature |
D'Angelo et al. [128] |
| Glycolipid-biosurfactant of Shewanella algae strain B12 | Antibiofilm and antibacterial | (i) Antibiofilm and antibacterial against planktonic and biofilm forms of MRSA and antibiotic resistant Acinetobacter baumannii | Amirinejad et al. [129] |
| Rha-C10-C10 and Rha-Rha-C10-C10 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa SGΔrhlC | Antimicrobial agents | (i) Antimicrobial activity against B. wiedmannii H238, A. alternate G2 | Zhao et al. [130] |
| MA01 rhamnolipid of Pseudomonas aeruginosa MA01 | Antibiofilm and antibacterial | (i) Shown positive Antibiofilm and antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC6538 bacterial cells | Saadati et al. [131] |
| Sophorolipids of yeast Starmerella riodocensis | Antimicrobial | (i) Positive antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans hyphal and biofilm formation | Alfian et al. [132] |
| Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), acidic sophorolipids (ASLs) | (i) Antibiofilm property against S. aureus (ii) damages the cell membrane of Escherichia coli (E. coli) |
Seena et al. [133] | |
| Sophorolipids in combination with palmarosa essential oil | Antiacne product | (i) Biosurfacta shown antibacterial and antiacne activity against S. aureus, S. epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes in cosmetic formulations | Filipe et al. [134] |
| Sophorolipids and rhamnolipids | Anticancer effects of glycolipids on skin cells | (i) Detrimental effect on melanoma cell viability compared to healthy human keratinocytes (application in sunscreens) | Adu et al. [135] |
| Lipopeptide biosurfactant surfactin (ITC/SF-LNC) | Anticancer effects of lipopeptide for topical treatment of skin carcinogenesis | (i) Suppressive effect on cytokeratins (ii) tumor growth inhibition (iii) recovery of skin architecture |
El-Sheridy et al. [136] |
| Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) (MEL-A, MEL-B, MEL-C and MEL-D) of Pseudozyma aphidis | Antimicrobial and skin moisturizer | (i) S. aureus ATCC 6538 biomass disruption, reduction of the biofilm metabolic activity and a bacteriostatic/bactericidal effect (ii) enhanced moisturizing property |
Ceresa et al. [137] |
| Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) BGC of Moesziomyces antarcticus | Antimicrobial and skin moisturizer | (i) Antimicrobial and skin moisturizer due to LipA and LipB genes | Liu et al. [138] |
| MELs (MEL-A, d-MEL-B, and MEL-C) of Pseudozyma Antarctica, P. aphidis, P. rugulosa and P. parantarctica | Skin moisturizer, restoring damaged cells | (i) MEL-A exhibited excellent moisturizing performance (ii) restored viability of the damaged cells (iii) d-MEL-B and MEL-C also efficiently restored the viability of the cells |
Kitamoto et al. [139] |
| Mannan-fatty acid of Candida tropicalis | Biostimulation | (i) Recognized as key antigenic determinants | Kuraoka et al. [140] |
| BS1 and BS2 of bacilli strains and Lactobacillus pentosus | Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity | (i) Antimicrobiala ctivity against gram-negative bacteria, not cytotoxic for fibroblasts (NCTC clone 929) (ii) cell-bound biosurfactant from Lactobacillus pentosus boost the growth of the fibroblast up to 113% |
Rodríguez-López et al. [141] |
| Lipopeptide(s) of pseudomonas sp. OXDC12 strain | Antifungal, antibacterial, cytotoxic and antiproliferative activity | (i) Antigungal against fusarium oxysporum, Candida albicans and Mucor sp. (ii) antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus MTCC96, Salmonella typhimurium NCTC 74, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli MTCC1687 (iii) low-level cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities towards a few transformed cell lines, (i.e., RD, Hep-2 C, Vero and MCF-7) cell lines. |
Chauhan et al. [142] |
| BS of Lactobacillus acidophillus | Cytotoxic activity, antibacterial | (i) 23% cytotoxic effect on breast cancer (AMJ-13) cell line (ii) have antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli |
Abdullah and Ismail [143] |
| Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) of Pseudozyma spp. | Moisturizing effects | (i) Moisturizing effects on human skin, moisturizing effects on human hair | Kitamoto et al. [139] |
| BS of Chenopodium quinoa and Pseudomonas aeruginosa UCP 0992 | Emulsifying agents | (i) BS from Pseudomonas aeruginosa good performance, stability, and emulsification | Bezerraa et al. [144] |