Table 2. Mean EuroQol five dimensions (EQ-5D) utility values by variables in unadjusted and adjusted analysis.
| Mean (95% CI) | p value | Adjusted mean* (95% CI) | F | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 0.727 (0.695 – 0.760) | 0.001 | 0.572 (0.487 – 0.658) | 14475 | 0.001 |
| Male | 0.824 (0.783 – 0.864) | 0.671 (0.581 – 0.759) | |||
| Skin color | |||||
| White | 0.753 (0.724 – 0.781) | 0.020 | 0.601 (0.524 – 0.678) | 1290 | 0.258 |
| 2Non-white | 0.836 (0.772 – 0.900) | 0.641 (0.539 – 0.744) | |||
| DM treatment | |||||
| Diet | 0.779 (0.693 – 0.866) | 0.283 | NA | NA | NA |
| Oral medications | 0.778 (0.748 – 0.808) | ||||
| Insulin | 0.731 (0.671 – 0.791) | ||||
| Controlled DM | |||||
| Yes | 0.774 (0.743 – 0.806) | 0.359 | NA | NA | NA |
| No | 0.756 (0.714 – 0.798) | ||||
| Controlled hypertension | |||||
| Yes | 0.756 (0.723 – 0.789) | 0.549 | NA | NA | NA |
| No | 0.774 (0.771 – 0.832) | ||||
| Dyslipidemia | |||||
| Yes | 0.751 (0.720 – 0.782) | 0.123 | NA | NA | NA |
| No | 0.801 (0.752 – 0.850) | ||||
| Macrovascular complications | |||||
| Yes | 0.687 (0.629 – 0.746) | 0.001 | 0.563 (0.468 – 0.657) | 15786 | 0.001 |
| No | 0.791 (0.764 – 0.819) | 0.679 (0.598 – 0.761) | |||
| Microvascular complications | |||||
| Yes | 0.745 (0.711 – 0.780) | 0.060 | 0.872 | 0.352 | |
| No | 0.804 (0.767 – 0.842) | ||||
| Other comorbidities | |||||
| Yes | 0.709 (0.653 – 0.765) | 0.020 | 0.608 (0.529 – 0.687) | 1757 | 0.187 |
| No | 0.782 (0.753 – 0.811) | 0.634 (0.538 – 0.731) | |||
| Ophthalmic diseases | |||||
| Yes | 0.714 (0.659 – 0.769) | 0.060 | 2188 | 0.141 | |
| No | 0.777 (0.748 – 0.806) | ||||
| DR health states | |||||
| NoDR | 0.773 (0.746 – 0.800) | 0.001 | 0.748 (0.698 – 0.798)** | 5041 | 0.002 |
| Non-STDR | 0.801 (0.726 – 0.875) | 0.752 (0.679 – 0.825)** | |||
| STDR | 0.658 (0.521 – 0.794) | 0.628 (0.521 – 0.736) | |||
| BB | 0.356 (0.061 – 0.651) | 0.355 (0.105 – 0.606)** | |||
SD: standard deviation; NA: not applicable, variables not included in the adjusted analysis; DM: diabetes mellitus; DR: diabetic retinopathy; NoDR: absence of diabetic retinopathy; Non-STDR: non-sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy; STDR: sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy; BB: bilateral blindness. *Analysis adjusted by age, sex, skin color, other comorbidities, macrovascular and microvascular complications, and ophthalmic diseases. R square = 0.242; Adjusted R square = 0.202. **Bonferroni test: NoDR and BB (p = 0.01); Non-STDR and BB (p = 0.01).