Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2023 Apr 20;14:2274. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38055-x

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 1 — a Schematics of the whole fabrication process: from BFO/SAO/STO heterostructures to freestanding BFO films. b, c Out-of-plane PFM phase images of the epitaxial BFO films and the freestanding BFO films, respectively. d–f The cross-sectional STEM-HAADF images of BFO/STO, BFO/SAO/STO, and freestanding BFO transferred on STO, respectively. g–i The visualization of polarization in the corresponding films in d–f. The yellow arrows are plotted according to the displacement of Fe relative to the Bi sublattices, the position of which are determined by the two-dimensional Gaussian algorithm. j The average polarization magnitude calculated by the empirical equation. The error bar represents the standard deviation of measured unit-cells. k Comparison of the average polarization and the maximum value of SHG intensity for BFO/STO, BFO/SAO/STO, and freestanding BFO films at room temperature. The error bar represents the standard deviation of measured samples.