Table 1.
Characteristics of study participantsa
| Characteristic | Analysis 1 (N = 424,299) | Analysis 2 (N = 369,745) | Analysis 3 (N = 124,976) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 56.47 (8.07) | 56.75 (8.04) | 56.07 (7.73) |
| Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) | |||
| Underweight or normal weight (<25) | 142453 (33.6%) | 126675 (34.3%) | 49405 (39.5%) |
| Overweight (25 to <30) | 181232 (42.7%) | 160278 (43.3%) | 52451 (42.0%) |
| Obese (≥30) | 100614 (23.7%) | 82792 (22.4%) | 23120 (18.5%) |
| Sex (male) | 196105 (46.2%) | 173971 (47.0%) | 56178 (44.9%) |
| Race (white) | 405882 (95.7%) | 355974 (96.3%) | 121908 (97.5%) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Current smoker | 43230 (10.2%) | 34109 (9.2%) | 8366 (6.7%) |
| Former smoker | 148600 (35.0%) | 130917 (35.4%) | 44220 (35.4%) |
| Never smoker | 232469 (54.8%) | 204719 (55.4%) | 72390 (57.9%) |
| Healthy alcohol intake (yes) b | 210583 (49.6%) | 187931 (50.8%) | 67205 (53.8%) |
| Healthy physical activity (yes)c | 302987 (71.4%) | 269590 (72.9%) | 92114 (73.7%) |
| Townsend deprivation indexd | −1.43 (3.02) | −1.57 (2.93) | −1.81 (2.77) |
| Major diseases | |||
| Hypertensione | 229252 (54.0%) | 201136 (54.4%) | 62896 (50.3%) |
| Coronary heart diseasef | 23274 (5.5%) | 18335 (5.0%) | 4121 (3.3%) |
| Diabetesg | 20849 (4.9%) | 16506 (4.5%) | 3819 (3.1%) |
| Biological ages | |||
| KDM-BA | 48.76 (12.18) | 48.74 (12.24) | 47.42 (11.88) |
| KDM-BA acceleration | −7.71 (9.38) | −8.00 (9.41) | −8.65 (9.54) |
| PhenoAge | 45.55 (9.99) | 45.63 (9.90) | 44.37 (9.36) |
| PhenoAge acceleration | −10.92 (5.45) | −11.11 (5.27) | −11.70 (4.95) |
| Components of biological ages | |||
| FEV1 (L)* | 2.83 (0.76) | 2.85 (0.76) | 2.92 (0.75) |
| SBP (mm Hg)* | 139.64 (19.61) | 140.09 (19.63) | 138.48 (19.12) |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)* | 220.34 (43.04) | 220.82 (42.82) | 221.80 (41.69) |
| Glycated hemoglobin (%)* | 5.44 (0.58) | 5.43 (0.56) | 5.37 (0.48) |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)* | 15.12 (3.77) | 15.16 (3.70) | 14.95 (3.50) |
| Lymphocyte (%)# | 28.90 (7.33) | 28.93 (7.29) | 29.13 (7.19) |
| Mean cell volume (fL)# | 82.86 (5.16) | 82.86 (5.10) | 82.84 (4.97) |
| Serum glucose (mg/dL)# | 91.71 (20.53) | 91.50 (19.60) | 90.63 (17.29) |
| Red cell distribution width (%)# | 13.48 (0.95) | 13.46 (0.92) | 13.42 (0.89) |
| White blood cell count (1000 cells/uL)# | 6.85 (1.91) | 6.81 (1.88) | 6.65 (1.76) |
| Albumin (g/dL)*# | 4.52 (0.24) | 4.52 (0.24) | 4.54 (0.24) |
| Creatinine (mg/dL)*# | 0.82 (0.18) | 0.82 (0.18) | 0.81 (0.16) |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL)*# | 0.25 (0.42) | 0.24 (0.40) | 0.21 (0.37) |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L)*# | 83.06 (25.60) | 82.64 (25.20) | 80.64 (23.24) |
| Mental health status at baseline | |||
| PHQ-4 score | 1.58 (2.08) | / | / |
| Depression/anxiety disorders | 54554 (12.9%) | / | / |
| Depression | 26424 (6.2%) | / | / |
| Anxiety | 43544 (10.3%) | / | / |
| Mental health status at follow-up survey | |||
| PHQ-9 score | / | / | 2.27 (3.05) |
| GAD-7 score | / | / | 1.75 (2.89) |
| Depression/anxiety disorders | / | / | 6076 (4.9%) |
| Depression | / | / | 4230 (3.4%) |
| Anxiety | / | / | 3347 (2.7%) |
aIncluded the all 424,299 participants for Analysis 1, the subgroup of 369,745 participants that were free of depression/anxiety at baseline for Analysis 2, and the subgroup of 124,976 participants that were free of depression/anxiety at baseline and with follow-up survey data for Analysis 3; Mean values (standard deviation) for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables.
bHealthy alcohol intake: male: <28 g/day; female: <14 g/day.
cHealthy physical activity: ≥150 min/week moderate or ≥75 min/week vigorous or 150 min/week mixed (moderate + vigorous) activity.
dThis index is composite score based on four key variables: unemployment, overcrowded household, non–car ownership, and non–home ownership.
eHypertension diagnosed by doctor.
fCoronary heart disease diagnosed by doctor.
gDiabetes diagnosed by doctor.
*Employed to construct KDM-BA.
#Employed to construct PhenoAge.