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. 2023 Apr 20;14:2263. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38040-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Schematic illustration of a soft, transient cardiac jacket consisting of PLCL-based open-mesh body, stingray barb-inspired straps, and sensing/therapeutic components (PLCL/PP for both epicardial ECG monitoring and electrical stimulation on left ventricle; PLCL/Mo for myocardial strain sensing), with photographs of a cardiac jacket fabricated with blue dye for clear visualization and a stingray barb (top right) and a description of suture-free integration of the device on the heart (bottom right). b Releasing force of the strap for facile and robust integration of the device to the heart, where the maximum releasing force was ~3 MPa at a displacement rate of 1 mm/s. c Mechanical modulus matching of the cardiac jacket with a rat heart via the use of a mesh structure to achieve conformal contact and avoid heart failures. d Photographs of the implanted cardiac jackets (top) and representative epicardial ECG signals recorded by the devices (bottom) on weeks 0, 2, 4, and 8 of in vivo implantation. e Epicardial ECG signals measured before (left white background) and during (right blue background) electrical stimulation (square wave with a duration of 0.1 ms and an amplitude of 5 V) with the implanted cardiac jackets on weeks 0, 4, and 8 of implantation. f Representative hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained cross-sectional images of the left ventricle of a rat without (left) and with device implantation for 8 weeks (right). g Negligible changes in ejection fraction in rats before (control) and 4 and 8 weeks after device implantation, which show that the device did not adversely affect cardiac functions. n = 3 biologically independent animals per group. Data are presented as mean values ± standard deviation. h Analysis of complete blood counts and blood chemistry for rats with and without device implantation, indicating preservation of overall healthy physiology in the animals. n = 3 biologically independent animals per group. RBC red blood cell count, K/uL; WBC white blood cell count, K/uL; ALB albumin, g/dL; TP total protein, g/dL; K potassium, mmol/L; Ca Calcium, mmol/L; Na sodium, mmol/L; ALP alkaline phosphatase, U/L; AST aspartate aminotransferase, U/L; CPK creatine phosphokinase, U/L.