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. 2023 Apr 20;13:6445. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-32897-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Semblance between mitochondrial oxidative metabolism (oxCCO) with total and difference hemoglobin signals (HbT and HbDiff markers for retinal blood volume and oxygenation, respectively) in dark. (a) HbT s oxCCO is greater in the 66-year-old (y/o) male compared to the 29 y/o male shown by predominantly red color representative of semblance + 1 ~ zero phase difference across all frequencies over time. (b) Group data for HbT s oxCCO averaged over all frequencies also showing significantly stronger semblance between total retinal blood volume with mitochondrial metabolism in subjects > 50 y/o (p = 0.03). (c) Showing a consistently antiphase relationship between HbDiff and oxCCO signals in dark in representatives 29 and 66 y/o male subjects (HbDiff s oxCCO predominantly blue across all frequencies, semblance −1 ~ 180° phase difference in both subjects). (d) Group data averaged across all frequencies showing no difference in HbDiff s oxCCO between < 50 and > 50 y/o, signifying a strong decoupling between retinal oxygenation and mitochondrial metabolism during dark adaptation across all ages. The color maps are produced using a MATLAB program, comparing time series using Semblance Analysis, version 1.0.0.0, found at https://uk.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/18409-comparing-time-series-using-semblance-analysis.