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. 2023 Apr 20;6:436. doi: 10.1038/s42003-023-04815-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a The Hippo pathway is a master regulator of tissue homeostasis and organ size in which MST1/2, LATS1/2 and YAP/TAZ are major players. The JAK/STAT pathway regulates embryonic development and is involved in processes such as stem cell maintenance, hematopoietic and inflammatory response. These pathways also regulate gene expression implicated in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. b This pathway involves neurofibromin in regulating cAMP levels, important in neuronal connections in which dopamine travels to areas of the brain and body to convey important information such as executive thinking, cognition, feelings of reward and pleasure and voluntary motor movements. Dopamine is thought to guide learning via dynamic and differential modulation of PKA.