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. 2023 Apr 7;14:1144550. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1144550

TABLE 3.

Inflammatory biomarkers and oxidative stress/antioxidant parameters of the patients throughout study.

OEA (n = 30) Placebo (n = 30) MD 95% CI p
IL-6 (pg/mL)
Baseline 18.67 (6.76) 21.68 (8.78) −3.01 −7.11, 1.10 0.138c
End 16.98 (5.56) 20.17 (6.56) −5.19 −11.97, 1.53 0.125d
MD −1.69 −1.50
95% CI - 4.49, 1.11 −4.49, 1.48
p a 0.236 0.324
IL-10 (ng/ml)
Baseline 118.33 (74.37, 165.23) 129.78 (90.51, 173.98) −11.45 −39.84, 16.93 0.429e
End 124.59 (89.44, 173.89) 134.48 (84.39, 177.78) −13.57 −55.71, 29.89 0.529d
MD 6.26 4.70
p b 0.193 0.234
IL-1β (pg/mL)
Baeline 13.23 (4.49) 15.11 (6.67) −1.88 −4.88, 1.11 0.205c
End 11.78 (3.39) 14.82 (5.59) −4.78 −14.69, 6.09 0.101d
MD −1.45 −0.29
95% CI −3.76, 0.86 −1.78, 1.18
p a 0.218 0.701
TNF-α (ng/L)
Baseline 53.71 (40.37, 157.23) 50.12 (38.22, 111.56) 3.59 −23.93, 31.10 0.798e
End 51.97 (36.37, 145.23) 49.36 (40.23, 127.87) 4.55 −12.81, 20.38 0.591d
MD −1.74 −0.76
p b 0.409 0.609
hs-CRP (mg/L)
Baseline 7.14 (4.08, 17.33) 5.78 (3.39, 12.98) 1.36 −1.00, 3.72 0.256e
End 4.56 (3.22, 21.11) 3.33 (2.13, 19.67) 2.49 −3.11, 7.96 0.311d
MD −2.58 −2.45
p b 0.038 0.013
TAC (mmol/L)
Baseline 0.81 (0.07) 0.75 (0.17) 0.06 −0.008, 0.129 0.075c
End 1.33 (0.15) 1.11 (0.19) 0.22 0.02, 0.59 0.039  d
MD 0.52 0.36
95% CI 0.16, 0.88 0.03, 0.70
p a 0.005 0.032
GSH-Px (U/g Hb)
Baseline 29.86 (6.89) 31.07 (3.87) −1.21 −4.15, 1.72 0.411c
End 34.48 (9.16) 33.59 (7.71) 1.59 −0.87, 3.94 0.173d
MD 4.62 1.89
95% CI 1.68, 7.56 −0.24, 4.01
p a <0.001 0.081
Catalase (U/g Hb)
Baseline 58.78 (11.77) 61.55 (19.11) −2.77 −11.05, 5.50 0.511c
End 60.05 (19.22) 61.12 (21.09) −2.89 −7.63, 3.83 0.412d
MD 1.27 −0.43
95% CI −1.62, 4.16 −2.13, 1.26
p a 0.387 0.621
SOD (U/mg Hb)
Baseline 1693.12 (105.77) 1733.11 (129.53) −39.99 −87.84, 7.87 0.095c
End 1933.13 (121.55) 1823.97 (152.31) 112.16 29.76, 207.09 0.018  d
MD 240.02 90.86
95% CI 87.80, 392.3 20.83, 160.90
p a <0.001 0.011
MDA (nmol/mL)
Baseline 4.08 (0.55) 3.88 (0.33) 0.20 −0.03, 0.43 0.088c
End 2.33 (0.97) 3.33 (0.98) −1.78 −0.73, −2.87 0.003 d
MD −1.75 −0.55
95% CI −2.79, −0.71 −1.22, 0.12
p a 0.001 0.109
Ox-LDL (U/L)
Baseline 76.21 (14.28) 74.88 (21.87) 1.33 −8.29, 10.95 0.795c
End 71.55 (17.77) 72.51 (24.61) - 2.39 −6.12, −1.77 0.001 d
MD −4.66 −2.37
95% CI −8.52, −0.81 −6.28, 1.53
p a 0.018 0.234

GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL, interleukin; MD, Mean/Median of difference; MDA, malondialdehyde; OEA, oleoylethanolamide; ox-LDL, oxidized-low density lipoprotein; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TAC; total antioxidant capacity; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α. Mean (standard deviation) are presented for normally distributed data. Median (25th and 75th percentiles) are presented for data not normally distributed.

a

p-value based on Paired sample t-test.

b p-value based on Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

c p-value based on Independent sample t-test.

d p-value based on ANCOVA, adjusted for baseline values, age, changes in physical activity, energy intake, and BMI.

e p-value based on Mann-Whitney U test.

p < 0.05 is statistically significant.

Bold values indicates statistically significant differences (p < 0.05).