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Illustration of standard grading of retinal HEs. The presence and the amount of HEs were judged by using standard ETDRS photographs 3, 5, and 4 for comparison [12]. The participants were divided into three different categories, i.e. no or questionable HEs (A), moderate HEs (B), and severe HEs (C), respectively. White arrows indicated the location of retinal HEs, manifesting as yellowish-white deposits. Abbreviations: ETDRS, Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study; HEs, hard exudates.
