Skip to main content
. 2023 Mar 31;9(4):e15123. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15123

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5

Multidimensional statistical analysis of serum metabolome of patients with different severity of HEs in DR, NPDR, and PDR. PCA score plot of serum metabolome of patients with different severity of HEs in DR (A), NPDR (B), and PDR (C), respectively. PCA results showed that the overall metabolic profiling showed no trend of separation among different HEs categories. PLS-DA score plot of serum metabolome of patients with different severity of HEs in DR (D), NPDR (E), and PDR (F), respectively. We observed clear separations among different HEs categories. Permutation test of PLS-DA models in DR (G), NPDR (H), and PDR (I), respectively. Models of DR and NPDR showed trend of over-fitting. For the model of PDR, there was no over-fitting. Abbreviations: DR, diabetic retinopathy; HEs, hard exudates; NPDR, non-proliferative retinopathy; PCA, principal component analysis; PDR, proliferative retinopathy; PLS-DA, partial least squares-discriminant analysis.