TABLE 1.

The most common neuromodulation therapy of LLD.

References	Intervention methods	Group	Efficacy results
(92)	ECT	Under 65 years old (n = 61); over 65 years old (n = 29)	ECT was more effective in older patients as compared to younger (p < 0.001). Most of the cognitive functions remained unchanged compared to baseline, whereas the outcomes of MMSE, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and Stroop tests showed greater improvements in the older compared to the younger group (all p < 0.05).
(93)	ECT	Self before and after control (1 week prior to ECT, weekly during ECT, after the sixth ECT course, and 1 week, 4 weeks, and 6 months after the last ECT course), n = 109.	MMSE scores improved significantly during the course of ECT and remained stable during the 6 months period after ending ECT for the total group. In the group of patients with a low MMSE score (< 24) at baseline, the MMSE score improved significantly during ECT, whereas in the group of patients with a normal MMSE score (≥ 24) at baseline, the score did not change significantly during ECT.
(91)	TMS	iTBS (self before and after control), n = 13.	Montgomery Asberg depression scale scores improved significantly from baseline to treatment-end. The flanker inhibitory control and attention test showed significant improvement in executive function from baseline to treatment-end.
(94)	Light therapy	Experimental group received light therapy (n = 34); control group received routine care without light therapy (n = 31)	The mean depression score in the experimental group decreased from 7.24 (SD 3.42) at pre-test to 5.91 (SD 3.40) at post-test, and had a significant reduction (t = 2.22, P = 0.03). However, there was no significant difference in depression score and sleep disruption between the experimental group and control group.