Table 2.
Characteristics of patients categorized by the presence of diabetic retinopathy
| Variables | Non‐DR | DR | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Participants, % | 1,173 (77.2) | 346 (22.8) | – |
| Age, years | 55.25 ± 14.53 | 56.77 ± 12.86 | 0.062 |
| Male sex, % | 648 (55.2) | 178 (51.4) | 0.213 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.42 ± 5.62 | 26.22 ± 4.75 | <0.001 |
| Current smoking, % | 343 (29.3) | 89 (25.9) | 0.214 |
| Current drinking, % | 325 (27.8) | 82 (23.8) | 0.147 |
| Insurance type, % | |||
| Urban workers | 989 (84.3) | 273 (78.9) | 0.025 |
| Non‐working urban residents | 124 (10.6) | 55 (15.9) | |
| Self‐pay | 60 (5.1) | 18 (5.2) | |
| Duration of type 2 diabetes, year | 6.00 (0.50, 13.00) | 10.00 (4.00, 19.00) | <0.001 |
| DKD, % | 286 (26.4) | 161 (50.5) | <0.001 |
| CVD, % | 251 (21.4) | 83 (24.0) | 0.310 |
| Hypertension, % | 687 (58.6) | 224 (64.7) | 0.039 |
| Dyslipidemia, % | 877 (75.5) | 245 (71.8) | 0.176 |
| Use of hypotensive medications, % | 579 (49.5) | 180 (52.6) | 0.306 |
| Use of lipid‐lowering medications, % | 301 (25.7) | 88 (25.6) | 0.957 |
| Glucose‐lowering medications | |||
| Sulfonylureas, % | 140 (12.2) | 55 (16.2) | 0.052 |
| Glinides, % | 73 (6.3) | 22 (6.5) | 0.925 |
| Metformin, % | 423 (36.8) | 152 (44.8) | 0.007 |
| Thiazolidinediones, % | 26 (2.3) | 6 (1.8) | 0.584 |
| α‐Glucosidase inhibitors, % | 357 (31.0) | 147 (43.4) | <0.001 |
| DPP‐4 inhibitors, % | 138 (12.0) | 54 (15.9) | 0.058 |
| GLP‐1 receptor agonists, % | 76 (6.6) | 21 (6.2) | 0.786 |
| SGLT‐2 inhibitors, % | 129 (11.2) | 38 (11.2) | 0.997 |
| Insulin, % | 336 (29.2) | 177 (52.2) | <0.001 |
| Blood pressure, mmHg | |||
| Systolic | 135.63 ± 17.26 | 139.84 ± 20.26 | 0.001 |
| Diastolic | 82.74 ± 11.45 | 84.36 ± 13.32 | 0.041 |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.95 ± 1.60 | 5.07 ± 1.43 | 0.221 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.76 (1.27, 2.56) | 1.69 (1.25, 2.48) | 0.141 |
| HDL‐C, mmol/L | 1.06 ± 0.26 | 1.12 ± 0.27 | <0.001 |
| LDL‐C, mmol/L | 2.99 ± 0.98 | 3.07 ± 1.00 | 0.189 |
| FBG, mmol/L | 7.66 ± 2.76 | 8.15 ± 3.23 | 0.012 |
| HbA1c, % | 8.57 ± 2.20 | 9.07 ± 2.21 | <0.001 |
| Uric acid, μmol/L | 343.12 ± 103.97 | 339.92 ± 104.22 | 0.618 |
| eGFR, mL/(min*1.73 m2) | 107.30 ± 23.19 | 100.82 ± 26.56 | <0.001 |
| ACR, mg/g | 13.50 (6.99, 29.28) | 28.05 (9.43, 170.58) | <0.001 |
ACR, albumin to creatinine ratio; BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; DPP‐4, dipeptidyl peptidase‐4; DR, diabetic retinopathy; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FBG, fasting blood glucose; GLP‐1, glucagon‐like peptide‐1; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL‐C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL‐C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; SGLT‐2, sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.