Table 3.
Odds ratios of diabetic retinopathy by different status of DHEA
| No. of participants | No. of cases | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |||
| Quartile 1 | 380 | 113 | Reference | – | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| Quartile 2 | 380 | 83 | 0.66 (0.48, 0.92) | 0.013 | 0.68 (0.49, 0.95) | 0.022 | 0.56 (0.37, 0.85) | 0.006 |
| Quartile 3 | 379 | 88 | 0.72 (0.52, 0.99) | 0.042 | 0.74 (0.52, 1.03) | 0.076 | 0.70 (0.46, 1.07) | 0.102 |
| Quartile 4 | 380 | 62 | 0.46 (0.33, 0.65) | <0.001 | 0.47 (0.32, 0.69) | <0.001 | 0.51 (0.32, 0.81) | 0.005 |
| P for trend | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.012 | |||||
| As a continuous variable † | 1,519 | 346 | 0.66 (0.54, 0.81) | <0.001 | 0.67 (0.53, 0.83) | <0.001 | 0.71 (0.54, 0.94) | 0.015 |
†
DHEA was log‐transformed with base natural constant.
Model 1: unadjusted. Model 2: adjusts for age and insurance type. Model 3: model 2 + BMI, duration of diabetes mellitus, SBP, DBP, DKD, HDL‐C, FBG, HbA1c, and use of metformin, α‐glucosidase inhibitors, and insulin.
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DHEA, dehydroepiandrosterone; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; DR, diabetic retinopathy; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL‐C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; OR, odds ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure.