Table 1.
Descriptive statistics
| Participant characteristics |
All n = 5,379 |
Men n = 2,501 |
Women n = 2,878 |
p valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subjective expectation of reaching age 85 (range 0–10; mean/SD) | 6.9 (2.9) | 6.6 (3.0) | 7.2 (2.8) | < 0.001 |
| Socio-demographic/biomedical factors | ||||
| Age ranges, n (%) | 0.178 | |||
| 50–60 | 2,778 (51.6) | 1,267 (50.7) | 1,511 (52.5) | |
| 61–70 | 2,601 (48.4) | 1,234 (49.3) | 1,367 (47.5) | |
| Highest educational attainment, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Elementary school | 938 (17.4) | 438 (17.5) | 500 (17.4) | |
| High school | 2,651 (49.3) | 1,368 (54.7) | 1,283 (44.6) | |
| Vocational education | 1,232 (22.9) | 400 (16.0) | 832 (28.9) | |
| Higher education | 558 (10.4) | 295 (11.8) | 263 (9.1) | |
| Average personal income per year, n (%) | ||||
| < €33,334 | 1,754 (32.6) | 734 (29.4) | 1,020 (35.4) | < 0.001 |
| €33,334 – €46,666 | 1,674 (31.1) | 800 (32.0) | 874 (30.4) | |
| > €46,667 | 1,951 (36.3) | 967 (38.6) | 984 (34.2) | |
| Taking medication daily, n (%) | 0.066 | |||
| No | 2,864 (53.9) | 1,297 (52.6) | 1,567 (55.1) | |
| Yes | 2,445 (46.1) | 1,169 (47.4) | 1,276 (44.9) | |
| BMI (range 15–63), mean (SD) | 26.6 (4.8) | 27.3 (4.3) | 26.1 (5.1) | < 0.001 |
| Behavioral factors | ||||
| Smoking habit, n (%) | 0.008 | |||
| Never smoked | 3,027 (56.9) | 1,353 (54.8) | 1,674 (58.8) | |
| Ex-smoker | 1,419 (26.7) | 703 (28.4) | 716 (25.2) | |
| Current smoker | 872 (16.4) | 415 (16.8) | 457 (16.0) | |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Non-drinker | 1,360 (25.6) | 445 (18.0) | 915 (32.1) | |
| 1–7 units per week | 2,549 (48.0) | 1,125 (45.6) | 1,424 (50.1) | |
| 7–14 units per week | 809 (15.2) | 438 (17.7) | 371 (13.0) | |
| 14–21 units per week | 367 (6.9) | 268 (10.9) | 99 (3.5) | |
| > 21 units per week | 230 (4.3) | 193 (7.8) | 37 (1.3) | |
| Health literacy (range 4–16), mean (SD) | 13.1 (2.1) | 12.9 (2.1) | 13.3 (2.1) | < 0.001 |
| Psychological factors | ||||
| ILHC (range 6–36), mean (SD) | 21.5 (6.6) | 22.5 (6.4) | 20.6 (6.7) | < 0.001 |
| WTHR (range 0–10), mean (SD) | 6.9 (2.9) | 5.9 (2.3) | 7.2 (2.8) | < 0.001 |
| HRQoL (range 7–25), mean (SD) | 22.6 (2.8) | 22.8 (2.6) | 22.4 (2.9) | < 0.001 |
| Self-rated health (range 1–5), mean (SD) | 3.5 (0.9) | 3.5 (0.9) | 3.4 (1.0) | < 0.001 |
| Life satisfaction (range 0–10), mean (SD) | 8.1 (1.8) | 8.1 (1.7) | 8.1 (1.8) | 0.807 |
| Health satisfaction (range 0–10), mean (SD) | 7.1 (2.4) | 7.2 (2.2) | 7.0 (2.5) | 0.029 |
BMI Body mass index, IHLC Internal health locus of control, WTHR Willingness to take health risks, HRQoL Health-related quality of life
aPerformed chi-Square test for categorical variable and t test for continuous variable