Table 1.

Proposed Approaches to Increase Knowledge and Awareness Regarding the Role and Importance of Gynecologic Oncologists

Author (Year)	Focus of article	Approach	Approach description or focus
Collins et al. (2014)18	Factors associated with GO use/non-use; facilitators/barriers to GO access; strategies to increase GO care	Provider education	Enhance educational efforts to improve awareness of racial and ethnic disparities as it relates to receipt of care by GO
Duska, (2018)17	Geographic availability of GOs; geographic use of GOs; factors associated with GO use/non-use; facilitators/barriers to GO access; strategies to increase GO care	Provider education	Increase perceived significance of having a GO treat women diagnosed with ovarian cancer
		Patient education	Educate patients regarding the significance of GO
Goff et al. (2011)26	Factors associated with GO use/non-use	Provider education	Educate specific subspecialties (family practice, internal medicine, and obstetrics/gynecology) of health care providers on importance of referral to GO
Gostout et al. (2012)23	Geographic availability of GOs; strategies to increase GO care	Provider education	Educate medical students and primary care providers about the symptoms and benefits of referral to a GO if ovarian cancer is suspected
		Patient education	Raise awareness of symptoms among women
Hess et al. (2012)21	Factors associated with GO use/non-use; strategies to increase GO care	Provider education	Educate primary care providers to recognize potential symptoms of ovarian cancer and make appropriate referrals to minimize the time and resources used to reach an accurate diagnosis
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2016)10	Factors associated with GO use/non-use; facilitators/barriers to GO access; strategies to increase GO care	Provider education	Educate and train the health care workforce to ensure consistent implementation of current standards of care for women with ovarian cancer that are linked to quality outcome metrics
Peters et al. (2014)25	Facilitators/barriers to GO access; strategies to increase GO care	Provider education	Educate specific subspecialties (gynecology) of health care providers on importance of referral to GO
Rim, (2016)27	Geographic availability of GOs; geographic use of GOs; factors associated with GO use/non-use; facilitators/barriers to GO access; strategies to increase GO care	Patient education	Educate patients, especially the elderly, about better survival outcomes, guideline-adherent treatment, and high-quality surgical care from GO subspecialty
Stewart et al. (2016)19	Factors associated with GO use/non-use; facilitators/barriers to GO access; strategies to increase GO care	Provider education	Increase primary care physicians’ knowledge and use of OVA1 test to improve appropriate referral rates to GOs
		Patient education	Educate patients about the importance of receiving ovarian cancer care from GO
		General public education	Educate the general public about the evidence-based recommendation to receive care for ovarian cancer from GO
Stewart et al. (2013)20	Strategies to increase GO care	Provider education	Educate providers to help ensure patients receive treatment and clinical care from GOs
		General public education	Educate the public by providing direct consumer information about the importance of receiving ovarian cancer care from GO
		Partner enrichment and development	Partner with local, state, and national patient advocacy groups to help ensure patients receive treatment and clinical care from GOs
Stewart et al. (2011)22	Geographic availability of GOs; factors associated with GO use/non-use; strategies to increase GO care	Provider education	Increase provider knowledge about the importance of referral to GO through the “Inside Knowledge: Get the Facts about Gynecologic Cancer” campaign
		General public education	Increase public knowledge about the importance of referral to GO through the “Inside Knowledge: Get the Facts about Gynecologic Cancer” campaign
Urban et al. (2016)24	Geographic availability of GOs; facilitators/barriers to GO access; strategies to increase GO care	Provider education	GOs should reach out to, collaborate with, and educate colleagues in other medical specialties to optimize the care of patients with ovarian cancer

GO, gynecologist oncologist; NASEM, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.