TABLE 1.

Summary of experimental conditions investigating effects of IFN-γ on neural activity

Category	Findings	Experimental model	Age	Species	Reported IFN-γ concentration or activity	Timing of IFN-γ treatment	Study
Excitatory current	acute IFN-γ: no effect; intermediate IFN-γ: increased sEPSC; long IFN-γ: decreased AMPAR clustering and sEPSC	Hippocampal cultures	Embryonic	Rat	1000–100 KU/mL	acute: <10 m; intermediate: 48 h; long: 14 days	Vikman et al.73
	decreased GluR1 clusters on GAD+ neurons; increased sEPSC frequenct and amplitude; thought to be induced by disinhibition (tonic)	Spinal dorsal horn cultures	Embryonic	Rat	1000 U/mL	2 weeks DIV14-28	Vikman et al.68
Inhibitory current	increased inhibitory current at DIV7	Hippocampal cultures	Embryonic	Rat	1000 U/mL	5 days at DIV 3, 7, 14. analyzed at DIV30	Brask et al.79
	increased sIPSC freqeuncy, not amplitude; increased tonic inhibition	Hippocampal slice—CA1	Adult	Rat	100 ng/mL	3 h	Flood et al.74
	Prolonged IFN-γ reduces inhibition in spinal cord, results in hypersensitivity and mechanical allodynia	Intrathecal injections into dorsal horn neurons (in vivo)	Adult	Rat	1000 U	4 injections over 8 days	Vikman et al.70
	Failure to respond to bicuculin; ie IFN-γ caused disinhibition and reduced GABAergic tone	Intrathecal injections into dorsal horn neurons (in vivo)	Adult	Rat	1000 U	4 injections over 8 days	Vikman et al.69
	IFNGR1 on layer V pyramidal neurons; increased amplitude sIPSC and mIPSC "augments inhibitory currents"	Slice culture - layer V pyramidal neurons	Adult	Rat	1000 U/mL	20 mins	Janach et al.41
	increased mIPSC by increased surface GABAARg2 through PKC	Slice culture - layer V pyramidal neurons	Adult	Rat	1000 U/mL	30 mins	Janach et al.78
	IFN-γ increased tonic inhibition	PFC Slices-Layer II/III neurons	Adult	Mouse	20 pg/mL	8.5 mins	Filiano et al.4
	IFN-γ increased CA1 population spike only in the absence of bicuculin, suggesting IFN-γ mediates disinhibition	Hippocampal slice	Not reported	Mouse	200 U/mL	50 mins	Zhu et al.67
	decreased freqeuncy of gamma oscilations	Hippocampal slice-CA1-CA3	Postnatal	Rat	100 ng/mL	72 h	Papageorgiou et al.77
	spontaneous action potential discharges	Hippocampal slice cultures - CA1	Postnatal	Rat	100 KU/mL	12–60 mins	Muller et al.66
	decreased threshold for spreading depolarization	Hippocampal slice	Postnatal	Rat	500 U/mL	24 h	Pusic et al.71
	increased threshold for spreading depolarization	Hippocampal slice	Postnatal	Rat	500 U/mL	12 h x1 or x7 days	Pusic et al.72