Table 4.

Regression Models Representing the Association between Paternal Incarceration and Parental Involvement in School by Type of Involvement: Higher-Order Incarceration between Years 1 and 9 Compared to Incarceration Only Prior to or by Year 1 (N = 1,140)

	Primary Caregiver Self-reports						Father Self-reports
	Linear Regression Coefficients						Log Odds Coefficients
	Incarceration			Add Controls			Incarceration			Add Controls
	b	se		b	se		b	se		b	se
School-based	−.066	(.065)		−.106	(.077)		−.902	(.143)	***	−.567	(.184)	**
Home-based	.014	(.068)		.033	(.079)		−1.361	(.149)	***	−.854	(.199)	***

Note: Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Observations with missing data on all parental involvement variables or that have a deceased or unknown father at any wave are excluded. Control variables include whether the father is currently incarcerated at Y9, mother criminal justice contact, father impulsivity, mother impulsivity, father substance abuse, mother violence victimization by father, mother married or cohabiting with father at child’s birth, mother-father relationship quality, mother reads to child at one-year survey, father reads to child at one-year survey, father-child contact, either parent not a citizen, father age, mother lived with both parents at age 15, father lived with both parents at age 15, mother education, father education, mother cognitive ability, father cognitive ability, mother religious attendance, father religious attendance, mother depression, father depression, mother unemployment, father unemployment, father military service, mother-father income-to-poverty ratio, mother-father hardship, mother-father neighborhood disadvantage, father unsafe neighborhood, mother unsafe neighborhood, mother parenting stress, children in household, mother multipartner fertility, mother spanks child, child race, child gender, low birth weight, child poor health, and sample city category. Results based on 25 multiply imputed datasets. Models of father self-reported school-based involvement exclude fathers with current or unknown incarceration status at Y9 (n = 189).

^**p < .01

^***p < .001 (two-tailed tests).