Table 1. Demographics, comorbidities, hospitalization histories, and medication use at index date among patients older than 65 with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
| Before PSSW | After PSSW | |||||
| Pioglitazone | Non_Pioglitazone | ASMD | Pioglitazone | Non_Pioglitazone | ASMD | |
| (n = 17388) | (n = 174549) | (n = 16730.1) | (n = 174490) | |||
| Age (yrs) | ||||||
| Mean | 65.23 ± 1.60 | 66.15 ± 3.67 | 0.3247 | 65.95 ± 3.29 | 66.08 ± 3.55 | 0.0367 |
| <75 | 17241 (99.15%) | 165754 (94.96%) | 0.7405 | 16002.7 (95.65%) | 166355 (95.34%) | 0.0204 |
| ≥75 | 147 (0.85%) | 8795 (5.04%) | 727.353 (4.35%) | 8135.16 (4.66%) | ||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 8213 (47.23%) | 81330 (46.59%) | 0.0128 | 7866.73 (47.02%) | 81415 (46.66%) | 0.0073 |
| Female | 9175 (52.77%) | 93219 (53.41%) | 8863.35 (52.98%) | 93075.2 (53.34%) | ||
| Income (NTD) | ||||||
| ≥25,000 | 1357 (7.8%) | 11941 (6.84%) | 0.0744 | 1169.56 (6.99%) | 12088 (6.93%) | 0.0238 |
| 15,000–25,000 | 4409 (25.36%) | 49161 (28.16%) | 4568.51 (27.31%) | 48701.7 (27.91%) | ||
| <15,000 or dependent | 11622 (66.84%) | 113447 (64.99%) | 10992.01 (65.7%) | 113700.6 (65.16%) | ||
| Place of residence | ||||||
| Urban | 4914 (28.26%) | 43250 (24.78%) | 0.0912 | 4268.97 (25.52%) | 43793.4 (25.1%) | 0.0663 |
| Suburban | 4627 (26.61%) | 46447 (26.61%) | 4472.62 (26.73%) | 46431.7 (26.61%) | ||
| Rural | 7390 (42.5%) | 78961 (45.24%) | 7474.96 (44.68%) | 78495.6 (44.99%) | ||
| Missing | 457 (2.63%) | 5891 (3.37%) | 513.532 (3.07%) | 5769.57 (3.31%) | ||
| DM duration (yrs) | ||||||
| Mean ± SD | 9.34 ± 3.46 | 6.54 ± 4.08 | 0.7405 | 6.87 ± 3.99 | 6.79 ± 4.1 | 0.0204 |
| Charlson’s score | ||||||
| 0 | 11834 (68.06%) | 107684 (61.69%) | 0.2515 | 10750.1 (64.26%) | 108182 (62%) | 0.0504 |
| 1 | 4336 (24.94%) | 48792 (27.95%) | 4490.86 (26.84%) | 48556.2 (27.83%) | ||
| 2 | 913 (5.25%) | 12734 (7.3%) | 1011.43 (6.05%) | 12567.1 (7.2%) | ||
| 3 | 213 (1.22%) | 3533 (2.02%) | 305.423 (1.83%) | 3443.74 (1.97%) | ||
| 4 | 54 (0.31%) | 1100 (0.63%) | 91.7618 (0.55%) | 1065.35 (0.61%) | ||
| 5+ | 38 (0.22%) | 706 (0.41%) | 80.46257 (0.49%) | 676.13023 (0.38%) | ||
| Comorbidities (within 1 year before index date) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 12069 (69.4%) | 118294 (67.8%) | 0.0353 | 11332.34 (67.7%) | 118518.03 (67.9%) | 0.0040 |
| Dyslipidemia | 9591 (55.2%) | 77208 (44.2%) | 0.2198 | 7745.09 (46.3%) | 78898.28 (45.2%) | 0.0218 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 138 (0.79%) | 2576 (1.48%) | 0.0644 | 226.45 (1.35%) | 2468.78 (1.41%) | 0.0053 |
| Connective tissue disease | 608 (3.5%) | 6955 (3.98%) | 0.0257 | 632.05 (3.78%) | 6875.57 (3.94%) | 0.0085 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 135 (0.78%) | 2658 (1.52%) | 0.0701 | 218.42 (1.31%) | 2541.12 (1.46%) | 0.0130 |
| PAD | 274 (1.58%) | 2598 (1.49%) | 0.0071 | 250.21 (1.5%) | 2605.36 (1.49%) | 0.0002 |
| Dementia | 52 (0.3%) | 907 (0.52%) | 0.0346 | 70.36 (0.42%) | 871.73 (0.5%) | 0.0118 |
| Advanced CKD or ESRD | 7060 (40.6%) | 52125 (29.9%) | 0.2263 | 5159.71 (30.8%) | 53793.64 (30.8%) | 0.0003 |
| Bone fracture | 3185 (18.3%) | 23366 (13.4%) | 0.1353 | 2369.7 (14.2%) | 24128.69 (13.8%) | 0.0098 |
| Hospitalization history (within 3 years before index date) | ||||||
| Heart failure | 70 (0.4%) | 969 (0.56%) | 0.0221 | 79.6 (0.48%) | 944.89 (0.54%) | 0.0093 |
| Myocardial infarction | 84 (0.48%) | 1387 (0.79%) | 0.0391 | 94.3 (0.56%) | 1337.96 (0.77%) | 0.0252 |
| Stroke | 542 (3.12%) | 8574 (4.91%) | 0.0915 | 810.44 (4.84%) | 8291.48 (4.75%) | 0.0044 |
| Infection | 1157 (6.65%) | 12988 (7.44%) | 0.0307 | 1194.91 (7.14%) | 12856.14 (7.37%) | 0.0088 |
| Medication use (within 90 days before index date) | ||||||
| ACEi or ARB | 10060 (57.9%) | 84460 (48.4%) | 0.1906 | 8457.67 (50.6%) | 85930.65 (49.2%) | 0.0264 |
| beta-blocker | 4383 (25.2%) | 45923 (26.3%) | 0.0252 | 4419.91 (26.4%) | 45734.36 (26.2%) | 0.0048 |
| CCB | 7107 (40.9%) | 72792 (41.7%) | 0.0169 | 6954.77 (41.6%) | 72639.91 (41.6%) | 0.0012 |
| Diuretics | 5169 (29.7%) | 46417 (26.6%) | 0.0697 | 4403.39 (26.3%) | 46875.28 (26.9%) | 0.0124 |
| aspirin or clopidogrel | 5474 (31.5%) | 51582 (29.6%) | 0.0419 | 5033.74 (30.1%) | 51866.3 (29.7%) | 0.0080 |
| other NSAIDs | 9876 (56.8%) | 99163 (56.8%) | 0.0003 | 9487.74 (56.7%) | 99135.76 (56.8%) | 0.0021 |
| Insulin | 226 (1.3%) | 4871 (2.79%) | 0.1055 | 413.49 (2.47%) | 4635.13 (2.66%) | 0.0118 |
| Statins | 6707 (38.6%) | 47773 (27.4%) | 0.2400 | 4809.3 (28.7%) | 49532.66 (28.4%) | 0.0080 |
| fibrate or gemfibrozil | 1318 (7.58%) | 12925 (7.4%) | 0.0067 | 1274.44 (7.62%) | 12946.38 (7.42%) | 0.0076 |
| Metformin | 4528 (26%) | 52392 (30%) | 0.0886 | 4966.7 (29.7%) | 51737.26 (29.7%) | 0.0008 |
| DPP4 | 1539 (8.85%) | 11669 (6.69%) | 0.0810 | 1183.37 (7.07%) | 12010.32 (6.88%) | 0.0075 |
| Sulfonylurea | 12561 (72.2%) | 117435 (67.3%) | 0.1082 | 11321.61 (67.7%) | 118187.37 (67.7%) | 0.0013 |
| Acarbose | 240 (1.38%) | 924 (0.53%) | 0.0876 | 92.1 (0.55%) | 1046.47 (0.6%) | 0.0066 |
| Meglitinides | 1317 (7.57%) | 11247 (6.44%) | 0.0443 | 1095.57 (6.55%) | 11418.09 (6.54%) | 0.0002 |
| Number of DM drugs categories | ||||||
| 1 | 12273 (70.59%) | 130850 (74.97%) | 0.0961 | 12242.8 (73.18%) | 130239.7 (74.64%) | 0.0227 |
| 2 | 4702 (27.04%) | 40635 (23.28%) | 4208.2 (25.15%) | 41068 (23.54%) | ||
| 3 | 401 (2.31%) | 2999 (1.72%) | 273.928 (1.64%) | 3113.49 (1.78%) | ||
| 4+ | 12 (0.06%) | 65 (0.03%) | 5.15475 (0.03%) | 69.28949 (0.04%) | ||
Abbreviations: ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; ASMD: absolute standardized mean difference; CCB: calcium channel blocker; CKD: chronic kidney disease; DPP4i: dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors; ESRD: end-stage renal disease; NSAID: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; PAD: peripheral arterial disease; PSSW: propensity score stabilized weighting analysis.