Table 4.
Dietary interventions to improve COVID-19 vaccine efficacy by modulating gut microbiota in preclinical subjects.
| Dietary interventions |
Study subject |
Intervention period |
Mechanism of improving the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines |
References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolites (SCFAs) | ||||
| · Mixed SCFAs: acetate (70 mM) + propionate (30 mM) + butyrate (20 mM) | · Mice | · 14 days | · Increased antibody production against influenza antigens | [161] |
| · Mixed SCFAs: acetate + propionate + butyrate (150 mM) | · Mice | · 3 weeks | · Improving adaptive immunity by increasing the number of CD4+ T cells in the gut | [162] |
| · Mixed SCFAs: acetate (70 mM) + propionate (30 mM) + butyrate (20 mM) | · Mice | · 4 weeks | · Increased numbers of IgA antibody-producing B cells and CXCR5+ follicular T helper cells in the gut | [163] |
| · Regulating antibody production by regulating the expression of key genes involved in plasma cell differentiation | ||||