Fig. 5.

An illustrative example of imaging feature visualization for the VGG16 network. These mammograms belong to a 56-year-old woman diagnosed with grade 1 invasive ductal carcinoma and ductal carcinoma in situ in her left breast manifest as a developing irregular mass as outlined by red contours (ER positive, PR negative, HER-2 negative, Ki-67 10%, tumor size 6-mm, sentinel node negative). This patient is correctly predicted as a breast cancer case by the LRP-NET model. The brighter the color, the more relevant the pixel is for the risk prediction. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)