Table 7.
Risk and protective factors for radical behaviors
| Factor | r | 95% CI | Q | I 2 | τ 2 | N (k) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Radical attitudes | |||||||
| V. Small | Marital status | −.03 | −0.07, 0.01 | 25.27*** | 80.21 | .002 | 48,138 (6) |
| Education | −.04 | −0.12, 0.04 | 812.51*** | 98.52 | .021 | 66,247 (13) | |
| Parent involvement | −.06*** | −0.08, −0.03 | 6.23 | 51.82 | .000 | 13,069 (4) | |
| Agea | −.10* | −0.21, 0.00 | 365.92*** | 98.09 | .023 | 50,738 (8) | |
| Small | School bonding | −.11*** | −0.12,−0.09 | 0.95 | 0.00 | .000 | 13,069 (4) |
| Law legitimacy | −.17*** | −0.20, −0.13 | 2.52 | 60.29 | .001 | 7313 (2) | |
| Law abidance | −.22*** | −0.26, −0.18 | 5.92 | 66.24 | .001 | 8618 (3) | |
| Risk factors | |||||||
| Small | Raised religious | .01 | −0.04,0.05 | 0.50 | 0.00 | .000 | 2387 (2) |
| Religious convert | .01 | −0.03, 0.06 | 1.54 | 35.03 | .000 | 3344 (2) | |
| Bullied | .04*** | 0.02, 0.05 | 1.05 | 0.00 | .000 | 10,851 (4) | |
| Immigrant | .05 | −0.07, 0.17 | 145.91*** | 97.26 | .016 | 13,290 (5) | |
| Welfare | .06* | 0.01, 0.10 | 30.59*** | 83.65 | .002 | 15,082 (6) | |
| Abused | .07*** | 0.05, 0.09 | 3.56 | 0.00 | .000 | 10,975 (5) | |
| Relation problems | .08 | −0.07, 0.23 | 21.67*** | 95.39 | .012 | 3706 (2) | |
| V. Small | Low integration | .11*** | 0.08, 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.00 | .000 | 7293 (2) |
| Exp. violence | .11*** | 0.07, 0.15 | 16.95** | 76.40 | .002 | 11,435 (5) | |
| Personal injustice | .15*** | 0.11, 0.19 | 5.05† | 60.40 | .001 | 7328 (3) | |
| Mental health | .16*** | 0.11, 0.22 | 1.37 | 26.82 | .001 | 2517 (2) | |
| Radical family | .18* | 0.02, 0.32 | 10.96** | 90.88 | .012 | 1698 (2) | |
| Authoritarian | .18*** | 0.16, 0.21 | 0.9 | 0.00 | .000 | 7277 (2) | |
| Unemployed | .19*** | 0.06, 0.31 | 0647.22*** | 99.07 | .030 | 54,620 (7) | |
| Thrill‐seeking | .19*** | 0.16, 0.22 | 19.25** | 74.02 | .001 | 18,143 (6) | |
| Anger | .20 | −0.06, 0.43 | 179.63*** | 98.89 | .051 | 5460 (3) | |
| Low self‐control | .28*** | 0.15, 0.39 | 81.98*** | 97.56 | .013 | 9525 (3) | |
| Moderate | Deviant peers | .30** | 0.13, 0.46 | 228.43*** | 98.69 | .035 | 9627 (4) |
| Radical attitudes | .30*** | 0.19, 0.41 | 868.49*** | 98.49 | .039 | 25,576 (11) | |
| Online contact | .31*** | 0.26, 0.35 | 2.24 | 55.40 | .001 | 5258 (2) | |
| Past mlitary | .33† | −0.01, 0.60 | 208.62*** | 99.04 | .093 | 3854 (3) | |
| Criminal history | .35** | 0.10, 0.56 | 345.41*** | 99.13 | .072 | 9346 (4) | |
| Current military | .35 | −0.23, 0.75 | 233.36*** | 99.57 | .188 | 3089 (2) | |
| Job loss | .37*** | 0.29, 0.45 | 13.67*** | 92.69 | .004 | 8516 (2) | |
| Gender | .39** | 0.10, 0.61 | 1887.18*** | 99.68 | .171 | 13,641 (7) | |
| Lrg. | Prior incarcerations | .63*** | 0.57, 0.67 | 5.54* | 81.94 | .003 | 7110 (2) |
Note: Effect sizes are r correlations, ***<.001, **<.01, *<.05. 95% confidence intervals are presented as lower and upper. Heterogeneity statistics include Cochran's Q statistic for heterogeneity with p value from associated χ 2 test, and I 2 and τ 2 statistics for the proportion and extent of variation across studies attributed to heterogeneity. N = combined sample size and k = number of effect sizes.
a
The analysis included an effect size imputed as zero. In removing the imputed effect size the pooled estimate was ‐.12* (95% CI = ‐.23, ‐.00), although there were no differences in heterogeneity (Q = 365.078***, I2 = 98.357).