Table 8.
Meta‐regressions for year of data collection, mean sample age, and proportion of males in sample
| Factor | k | B (SE) | 95% CI | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Radical attitudes | ||||
| 2nd gen. immigrant | ||||
| Year of data collection | 11 | −0.001 (0.006) | −0.013, 0.011 | .853 |
| Mean sample age | 8 | −0.000 (0.002) | −0.004, 0.003 | .820 |
| % Males in sample | 10 | 0.000 (0.003) | −0.005, 0.006 | .898 |
| Age | ||||
| Year of data collection | 43 | 0.0038 (0.0040) | −0.005, 0.009 | .618 |
| Mean sample age | 40 | −0.004 (0.001) | −0.006, −0.002 | .001 |
| % Males in sample | 43 | −0.000 (0.001) | −0.003, 0.003 | .990 |
| Anomia | ||||
| Year of data collection | 9 | −0.000 (0.017) | −0.034, 0.033 | .997 |
| Mean sample age | 12 | 0.001 (0.004) | −0.007, 0.010 | .729 |
| % Males in sample | 12 | 0.005 (0.003) | −0.001, 0.011 | .095 |
| Anti‐democratic | ||||
| Year of data collection | 8 | 0.010 (0.003) | 0.004, 0.016 | .001 |
| Mean sample age | 7 | −0.010 (0.002) | −0.013, −0.007 | .000 |
| % Males in sample | 7 | −0.018 (0.003) | −0.025, −0.012 | .000 |
| Anxiety | ||||
| Year of data collection | 7 | 0.017 (0.009) | −0.002, 0.035 | .076 |
| Mean sample age | 7 | −0.000 (0.001) | −0.003, 0.002 | .809 |
| Authoritarian | ||||
| Year of data collection | 19 | 0.017 (0.013) | −0.009, 0.044 | .201 |
| Mean sample age | 16 | −0.002 (0.005) | −0.012, 0.008 | .687 |
| % Males in sample | 18 | −0.007 (0.007) | −0.020, 0.026 | .294 |
| Coll. Rel. Dep. | ||||
| Year of data collection | 18 | 0.004 (0.005) | −0.007 (0.014) | .483 |
| Mean sample age | 18 | −0.001 (0.004) | −0.009, 0.008 | .884 |
| % Males in sample | 19 | −0.002 (0.001) | −0.004, −0.000 | .040 |
| Depression | ||||
| Year of data collection | 10 | 0.018 (0.012) | 0.004, 0.052 | .022 |
| Mean sample age | 7 | −0.004 (0.007) | −0.017, 0.009 | .549 |
| % Males in sample | 10 | 0.000 (0.002) | −0.004, 0.004 | .938 |
| Deviant Peers | ||||
| Year of data collection | 12 | −0.015 (0.008) | −0.031, 0.001 | .074 |
| Mean sample age | 10 | 0.004 (0.007) | −0.010, 0.017 | .584 |
| % Males in sample | 11 | −0.000 (0.003) | −0.005, 0.005 | .877 |
| Disconnected | ||||
| Year of data collection | 7 | 0.024 (0.014) | −0.002, 0.051 | .073 |
| Mean sample age | 7 | 0.007 (0.023) | −0.038, 0.052 | .764 |
| % Males in sample | 7 | −0.001 (0.003) | −0.008, 0.006 | .736 |
| Education | ||||
| Year of data collection | 30 | −0.001 (0.004) | −0.009, 0.007 | .864 |
| Mean sample age | 21 | 0.005 (0.002) | 0.001, 0.009 | .018 |
| % Males in sample | 28 | 0.000 (0.002) | −0.004, 0.004 | .923 |
| Exp. Discrimination | ||||
| Year of data collection | 21 | −0.006 (0.002) | −0.010, −0.002 | .004 |
| Mean sample age | 18 | −0.000 (0.001) | −0.003, 0.002 | .752 |
| % Males in sample | 21 | 0.000 (0.001) | −0.002, 0.003 | .675 |
| Experienced violence | ||||
| Year of data collection | 16 | −0.004 (0.003) | −0.011, 0.003 | .227 |
| Mean sample age | 13 | −0.004 (0.002) | −0.008, 0.000 | .060 |
| % Males in sample | 15 | 0.001 (0.001) | −0.001, 0.002 | .303 |
| Gender | ||||
| Year of data collection | 46 | 0.007 (0.002) | 0.002, 0.012 | .003 |
| Mean sample age | 46 | −0.003 (0.001) | −0.004, −0.001 | .001 |
| % Males in sample | 54 | −0.000 (0.001) | −0.003, 0.002 | .709 |
| Identity fusion | ||||
| Year of data collection | 7 | 0.011 (0.014) | −0.017, 0.039 | .441 |
| % Males in sample | 7 | 0.005 (0.002) | 0.000, 0.009 | .040 |
| Immigrant | ||||
| Year of data collection | 22 | −0.004 (0.004) | −0.012, 0.004 | .354 |
| Mean sample age | 18 | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.003, 0.002 | .539 |
| % Males in sample | 22 | 0.001 (0.001) | −0.001, 0.003 | .183 |
| Indiv. Rel. Deprivation | ||||
| Year of data collection | 15 | −0.003 (0.008) | −0.018, 0.012 | .719 |
| Mean sample age | 10 | −0.002 (0.003) | −0.007, 0.003 | .391 |
| % Males in sample | 15 | −0.003 (0.002) | −0.008, 0.002 | .199 |
| In‐Group identity | ||||
| Year of data collection | 24 | −0.007 (0.005) | −0.017, 0.003 | .193 |
| Mean sample age | 20 | −0.002 (0.003) | −0.008, 0.005 | .609 |
| % Males in sample | 23 | 0.002 (0.002) | −0.001, 0.005 | .147 |
| Institutional trust | ||||
| Year of data collection | 11 | −0.023 (0.013) | −0.047, 0.002 | .074 |
| Mean sample age | 10 | 0.002 (0.004) | −0.006, 0.011 | .590 |
| % Males in sample | 10 | −0.002 (0.004) | −0.009, 0.005 | .613 |
| Juvenile delinquency | ||||
| Mean sample age | 7 | 0.062 (0.041) | −0.018, 0.143 | .130 |
| % Males in sample | 7 | −0.045 (0.016) | −0.077, −0.013 | .006 |
| Legitimacy | ||||
| Year of data collection | 10 | 0.018 (0.012) | −0.005, 0.042 | .128 |
| Mean sample age | 8 | −0.001 (0.005) | −0.011, 0.009 | .840 |
| % Males in sample | 9 | 0.009 (0.006) | −0.002, 0.021 | .118 |
| Life events | ||||
| Year of data collection | 8 | 0.010 (0.006) | −0.001, 0.002 | .079 |
| % Males in sample | 8 | 0.004 (0.008) | −0.013, 0.021 | .639 |
| Low integration | ||||
| Year of data collection | 21 | 0.002 (0.007) | −0.011, 0.016 | .742 |
| Mean sample age | 19 | −0.000 (0.003) | −0.007, 0.006 | .962 |
| % Males in sample | 20 | −0.000 (0.002) | −0.003, 0.003 | .982 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Year of data collection | 11 | −0.004 (0.003) | −0.010, 0.001 | .108 |
| Mean sample age | 10 | 0.001 (0.001) | −0.001, 0.004 | .379 |
| % Males in sample | 11 | −0.002 (0.002) | −0.005, 0.002 | .352 |
| Moral neutralizations | ||||
| Year of data collection | 15 | 0.035 (0.013) | 0.009, 0.061 | .009 |
| Mean sample age | 14 | 0.001 (0.006) | −0.011, 0.012 | .904 |
| % Males in sample | 15 | −0.007 (0.004) | −0.015, 0.002 | .129 |
| Parental involvement | ||||
| Year of data collection | 12 | 0.020 (0.013) | −0.005, 0.044 | .122 |
| % Males in sample | 12 | −0.006 (0.002) | −0.010, −0.002 | .006 |
| Perceived discriminate | ||||
| Year of data collection | 8 | 0.000 (0.008) | −0.015, 0.016 | .978 |
| Mean sample age | 6 | 0.000 (0.004) | −0.007, 0.008 | .908 |
| % Males in sample | 8 | 0.000 (0.005) | −0.009, 0.010 | .938 |
| Perceived injustice | ||||
| Year of data collection | 8 | −0.003 (0.009) | −0.021, 0.015 | .742 |
| Mean sample age | 6 | 0.009 (0.009) | −0.009, 0.028 | .318 |
| % Males in sample | 8 | 0.001 (0.002) | −0.003, 0.005 | .478 |
| Police contact | ||||
| Year of data collection | 6 | 0.035 (0.016) | 0.003, 0.066 | .031 |
| Political efficacy | ||||
| Year of data collection | 7 | −0.015 (0.011) | −0.036, 0.006 | .164 |
| Mean sample age | 7 | 0.006 (0.003) | −0.000, 0.012 | .072 |
| % Males in sample | 7 | −0.006 (0.008) | −0.021, 0.009 | .441 |
| Political extremism | ||||
| Year of data collection | 6 | 0.051 (0.024) | 0.004, 0.097 | .032 |
| Mean sample age | 6 | −0.032 (0.006) | −0.045, −0.020 | .000 |
| % Males in sample | 6 | −0.021 (0.004) | −0.030, −0.013 | .000 |
| Political grievances | ||||
| Year of data collection | 8 | 0.008 (0.010) | −0.012, 0.029 | .436 |
| Mean sample age | 7 | 0.000 (0.003) | −0.006, 0.007 | .948 |
| % Males in sample | 8 | −0.003 (0.002) | −0.007, 0.001 | .201 |
| Political satisfaction | ||||
| Year of data collection | 6 | −0.023 (0.005) | −0.033, −0.013 | .000 |
| % Males in sample | 6 | −0.014 (0.015) | −0.044, 0.015 | .337 |
| Religiosity | ||||
| Year of data collection | 19 | −0.000 (0.006) | −0.013, 0.012 | .990 |
| Mean sample age | 14 | 0.006 (0.004) | −0.002, 0.015 | .118 |
| % Males in sample | 19 | 0.004 (0.003) | −0.002, 0.010 | .215 |
| School bonding | ||||
| Year of data collection | 7 | −0.014 (0.004) | −0.022, −0.006 | .000 |
| % Males in sample | 7 | −0.000 (0.003) | −0.006, 0.005 | .880 |
| School performance | ||||
| Year of data collection | 8 | 0.009 (0.010) | −0.010, 0.028 | .346 |
| % Males in sample | 7 | −0.015 (0.018 | −0.050, 0.020 | .400 |
| Self‐control | ||||
| Year of data collection | 8 | 0.013 (0.008) | 0.002, 0.029 | .096 |
| Mean sample age | 7 | 0.024 (0.015) | −0.004, 0.053 | .097 |
| % Males in sample | 8 | −0.000 (0.003) | −0.005, 0.005 | .997 |
| Self‐sacrifice | ||||
| Mean sample age | 6 | 0.006 (0.013) | −0.019, 0.031 | .630 |
| % Males in sample | 6 | −0.001 (0.004) | −0.010, 0.007 | .745 |
| SES | ||||
| Year of data collection | 25 | −0.006 (0.003) | −0.011, −0.001 | .024 |
| Mean sample age | 21 | 0.000 (0.001) | −0.002, 0.002 | .803 |
| % Males in sample | 25 | 0.000 (0.001) | −0.002, 0.003 | .781 |
| Significance quest | ||||
| Mean sample age | 10 | −0.000 (0.005) | −0.010, 0.009 | .932 |
| % Males in sample | 10 | 0.003 (0.003) | −0.002, 0.008 | .215 |
| Social support | ||||
| Year of data collection | 7 | 0.001 (0.006) | −0.011, 0.013 | .929 |
| % Males in sample | 7 | 0.009 (0.007) | −0.005, 0.024 | .186 |
| Superiority | ||||
| Year of data collection | 13 | −0.010 (0.014) | −0.037, 0.017 | .476 |
| Mean sample age | 9 | −0.006 (0.012) | −0.030, 0.017 | .609 |
| % Males in sample | 13 | 0.010 (0.005) | 0.000, 0.020 | .047 |
| Thrill‐seeking | ||||
| Year of data collection | 17 | 0.014 (0.011) | −0.008, 0.036 | .201 |
| Mean sample age | 12 | 0.005 (0.004) | −0.003, 0.012 | .194 |
| % Males in sample | 17 | 0.010 (0.004) | .003, .017 | .007 |
| Uncertainty | ||||
| Year of data collection | 10 | 0.001 (0.005) | −0.009, 0.010 | .909 |
| Mean sample age | 9 | −0.002 (0.003) | −.008, .004 | .520 |
| % Males in sample | 10 | 0.002 (0.002) | −0.002, 0.006 | .269 |
| Unemployed | ||||
| Year of data collection | 13 | −0.002 (0.003) | −0.007, 0.004 | .550 |
| Mean sample age | 7 | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.004, 0.001 | .266 |
| % Males in sample | 9 | 0.005 (0.002) | 0.002, 0.009 | .004 |
| Violent media | ||||
| Year of data collection | 6 | 0.007 (0.004) | −0.002, 0.016 | .116 |
| Welfare | ||||
| Year of data collection | 9 | −0.000 (0.004) | −.007, .007 | .934 |
| % Males in sample | 9 | 0.005 (0.005) | −0.004, 0.014 | .276 |
| Worship attend. | ||||
| Year of data collection | 13 | 0.012 (0.006) | −0.000, 0.023 | .052 |
| Mean sample age | 9 | −0.001 (0.003) | −0.008, .005 | .683 |
| % Males in sample | 11 | −0.001 (0.002) | −.004, .002 | .547 |
| Radical intentions | ||||
| Activist intentions | ||||
| Year of data collection | 18 | 0.017 (0.019) | −0.021, 0.055 | .375 |
| Mean sample age | 17 | −0.009 (0.008) | −0.024, 0.007 | .271 |
| % Males in sample | 18 | −0.004 (0.003) | −0.009, 0.002 | .200 |
| Age | ||||
| Year of data collection | 25 | −0.001 (0.007) | −0.014, 0.012 | .848 |
| Mean sample age | 16 | −0.004 (0.004) | −0.012, 0.005 | .394 |
| % Males in sample | 23 | −0.002 (0.001) | −0.005, 0.000 | .057 |
| Anger | ||||
| Year of data collection | 12 | −0.003 (0.055) | −0.112, 0.105 | .950 |
| Mean sample age | 6 | −0.023 (0.013) | −0.048, 0.002 | .070 |
| % Males in sample | 12 | 0.004 (0.008) | −0.012, 0.020 | .631 |
| Anomie | ||||
| Mean sample age | 6 | 0.024 (0.004) | 0.017, 0.030 | .000 |
| % Males in sample | 6 | 0.012 (0.007) | −0.002, 0.025 | .085 |
| Coll. Relative Dep. | ||||
| Year of data collection | 17 | 0.033 (0.013) | 0.007, 0.059 | .013 |
| Mean sample age | 11 | 0.007 (0.013) | −0.018, 0.032 | .598 |
| % Males in sample | 17 | −0.004 (0.004) | −0.012, 0.004 | .363 |
| Commitment | ||||
| Year of data collection | 9 | 0.035 (0.028) | −0.019, 0.089 | .209 |
| Mean sample age | 8 | −0.008 (0.014) | −0.036, 0.019 | .562 |
| % Males in sample | 9 | −0.005 (0.004) | −0.013, 0.003 | .198 |
| Education | ||||
| Year of data collection | 12 | 0.001 (0.010) | −0.018, 0.020 | .932 |
| % Males in sample | 12 | 0.000 (0.002) | −0.003, 0.003 | .933 |
| Gender | ||||
| Year of data collection | 28 | 0.008 (0.006) | −0.005, 0.020 | .218 |
| Mean sample age | 18 | −0.006 (0.004) | −0.013, 0.001 | .096 |
| % Males in sample | 25 | −0.000 (0.002) | −0.004, 0.003 | .812 |
| Immigrant | ||||
| % Males in sample | 8 | −0.002 (0.012) | −0.025, 0.021 | .852 |
| In‐Group Connected | ||||
| Year of data collection | 6 | −0.011 (0.013) | −0.036, 0.014 | .387 |
| Mean sample age | 6 | −0.004 (0.006) | −0.015, 0.007 | .490 |
| % Males in sample | 6 | 0.001 (0.004) | −0.006, 0.008 | .783 |
| In‐Group Identity | ||||
| Year of data collection | 15 | 0.029 (0.009) | 0.011, 0.047 | .002 |
| Mean sample age | 7 | 0.004 (0.007) | −0.010, 0.018 | .571 |
| % Males in sample | 14 | −0.003 (0.003) | −0.009, 0.003 | .323 |
| Low integration | ||||
| Year of data collection | 9 | 0.016 (0.008) | −0.000, 0.032 | .050 |
| Mean sample age | 9 | 0.006 (0.005) | −.004, .015 | .226 |
| % Males in sample | 9 | −0.004 (0.003) | −0.010, 0.002 | .242 |
| Moral neutralizations | ||||
| Year of data collection | 8 | 0.145 (0.171) | −0.191, 0.480 | .398 |
| Mean sample age | 8 | 0.005 (0.010) | −0.015, 0.026 | .605 |
| % Males in sample | 8 | 0.017 (0.012) | −0.006, 0.040 | .138 |
| Openness | ||||
| % Males in sample | 7 | 0.003 (0.010) | −0.018, 0.023 | .806 |
| Perceived injustice | ||||
| Year of data collection | 13 | 0.024 (0.019) | −0.014, 0.062 | .213 |
| % Males in sample | 13 | 0.000 (0.017) | −0.013, 0.014 | .953 |
| Radical attitudes | ||||
| Year of data collection | 11 | 0.000 (0.012) | −0.022, 0.023 | .980 |
| Mean sample age | 11 | −0.013 (0.006) | −0.025, −0.001 | .039 |
| % Males in sample | 11 | −0.003 (0.002) | −0.008, 0.001 | .122 |
| Realistic threat | ||||
| Year of data collection | 6 | 0.005 (0.019) | −0.032, 0.042 | .793 |
| % Males in sample | 6 | −0.013 (0.012) | −0.036, 0.011 | .288 |
| Self‐esteem | ||||
| Year of data collection | 6 | 0.022 (0.036) | −0.049, 0.093 | .548 |
| Mean sample age | 6 | −0.066 (0.032) | −0.129, −0.003 | .040 |
| % Males in sample | 6 | 0.005 (0.003) | −0.000, 0.011 | .072 |
| SES | ||||
| Mean sample age | 7 | −0.000 (0.004) | −0.008, 0.008 | .911 |
| % Males in sample | 11 | 0.001 (0.002) | −0.003, 0.004 | .686 |
| Symbolic threat | ||||
| Year of data collection | 6 | 0.031 (0.016) | −0.001, 0.062 | .054 |
| % Males in sample | 6 | −0.028 (0.007) | −0.041, −0.015 | .000 |
| Radical behaviors | ||||
| Gender | ||||
| Year of data collection | 6 | −0.060 (0.026) | −0.111, −0.009 | .022 |
| Employment | ||||
| Year of data collection | 6 | 0.014 (0.008) | −0.002, 0.031 | .093 |
| Mean sample age | 6 | −0.023 (0.027) | −0.076, 0.030 | .391 |
| % Males in sample | 7 | −0.002 (0.003) | −0.008, 0.003 | .359 |
| Age | ||||
| Year of data collection | 7 | −0.003 (0.012) | −0.026, 0.020 | .787 |
| Mean sample age | 6 | −0.008 (0.012) | −0.032, 0.015 | .486 |
| % Males in sample | 7 | −0.001 (0.004) | −0.008, 0.007 | .886 |
Note: k = number of effect sizes; B = regression coefficient with SE in parentheses and 95% confidence intervals, based on a univariate meta‐regression of the linear relationship between the study‐level characteristic and r correlation. p = p value for z test.