Table 9.
Moderator analysis for region
| Factor | Region | k | r | 95% CI | Q Between | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Radical attitudes | ||||||
| 2nd gen. immigrant | EU | 8 | .01 | −0.03, 0.05 | .000 | .987 |
| Canada | 3 | .01 | −0.02, 0.04 | |||
| Age | EU | 38 | −.04* | −0.08, −0.01 | .439 | .803 |
| US | 5 | −.08 | −0.19, 0.03 | |||
| Other (mixed) | 3 | −.04 | −0.19, 0.12 | |||
| Anomia | EU | 8 | .20*** | 0.14, 0.26 | .616 | .433 |
| US | 4 | .15** | 0.05, 0.25 | |||
| Anxiety | EU | 4 | .04 | −0.02, 0.10 | .000 | .983 |
| Other (mixed) | 4 | .04 | −0.03, 0.10 | |||
| Authoritarianism | EU | 15 | .27*** | 0.17, 0.36 | 2.577 | .276 |
| US | 4 | .12 | −0.10, 0.33 | |||
| Other (Australia) | 2 | .40** | 0.11, 0.63 | |||
| Depression | EU | 5 | −.01 | −0.12, 0.11 | .067 | .967 |
| US | 2 | .01 | −0.18, 0.20 | |||
| Canada | 3 | .02 | −.13, .16 | |||
| Education | EU | 24 | −.06** | −0.10, −0.02 | .521 | .771 |
| US | 4 | −.07 | −0.18, 0.03 | |||
| Other (mixed) | 2 | −.12 | −0.26, 0.03 | |||
| Exp. discrimination | EU | 15 | .07*** | 0.05, 0.09 | 4.657 | .097 |
| US | 3 | .11** | 0.05, 0.17 | |||
| Other (mixed) | 2 | .02 | −.05, .10 | |||
| Exp. violence | EU | 9 | .09*** | 0.06, 0.11 | 10.961 | .004 |
| US | 4 | .07* | 0.01, 0.14 | |||
| Other (Canada) | 3 | .02 | −0.03, 0.08 | |||
| Gender (male) | EU | 41 | .11*** | 0.09, 0.13 | 7.360 | .025 |
| US | 4 | .02 | −.04, .08 | |||
| Other (mixed) | 11 | .09*** | 0.05, 0.14 | |||
| Immigrant | EU | 17 | .01 | −0.02, 0.05 | .306 | .858 |
| US | 4 | −.01 | −.07, .06 | |||
| Other (Australia) | 2 | −.01 | −0.12, 0.10 | |||
| In‐group identity | EU | 18 | .08*** | 0.03, 0.12 | .027 | .870 |
| Other (Mixed) | 7 | .07† | −0.00, 0.14 | |||
| In‐group superiority | EU | 11 | .35*** | 0.25, 0.44 | .281 | .596 |
| Other (Mixed) | 2 | .28* | 0.04, 0.50 | |||
| Institutional trust | EU | 9 | −.12* | −0.21, −0.02 | 8.435 | .002 |
| Other (Mixed) | 2 | −.44*** | −0.60, −0.25 | |||
| Low integration | EU | 16 | .16*** | 0.11, 0.21 | 13.206 | .001 |
| US | 3 | .22*** | 0.11, 0.33 | |||
| Other (Mixed) | 2 | .42*** | 0.29, 0.53 | |||
| Marital status | EU | 10 | −.05*** | −0.07, 0.02 | .573 | .449 |
| Other (Mixed) | 2 | −.02 | −0.08, 0.03 | |||
| Moral neutralizations | EU | 11 | .26*** | 0.16, 0.35 | 6.313 | .045 |
| US | 2 | .47*** | 0.26, 0.63 | |||
| Other (Mixed) | 2 | .48*** | 0.27, 0.64 | |||
| Parental involvement | EU | 9 | −.12*** | −0.17, −0.07 | 2.957 | .086 |
| Other (Canada) | 3 | −.04 | −0.12, 0.05 | |||
| Perceived discriminate | EU | 6 | .16*** | .11, .21 | .929 | .335 |
| US | 2 | .11* | 0.01, 0.20 | |||
| Political extremism | EU | 4 | .38** | 0.17, 0.57 | .020 | .888 |
| US | 2 | .36* | 0.05, 0.61 | |||
| Political grievances | EU | 6 | .14*** | 0.06, 0.22 | .039 | .843 |
| US | 2 | .16* | 0.03, 0.28 | |||
| Religiosity | EU | 10 | −.01 | −0.09, 0.08 | 3.494 | .174 |
| US | 4 | .14* | −0.00, 0.28 | |||
| Other (Mixed) | 5 | .09 | −0.05, 0.22 | |||
| Self‐sacrifice | EU | 3 | .17*** | 0.11, 0.23 | .550 | .458 |
| US | 2 | .12* | 0.02, 0.23 | |||
| Socioeconomic status | EU | 23 | −.05*** | −0.07, −0.02 | 26.403 | .000 |
| US | 2 | −.13** | −0.22, −0.04 | |||
| Other (Mixed) | 2 | .14*** | 0.07, 0.21 | |||
| Significance quest | EU | 4 | .10* | 0.01, 0.19 | 1.649 | .438 |
| US | 2 | .17* | 0.03, 0.30 | |||
| Other (Mixed) | 4 | .18*** | 0.09, 0.27 | |||
| Worship attendance | EU | 8 | .07* | 0.00, 0.13 | .087 | .767 |
| US | 4 | .09† | −0.01, 0.18 | |||
| Radical Intentions | ||||||
| Activism intentions | EU | 6 | .55*** | 0.41, 0.66 | 4.177 | .124 |
| US | 10 | .29† | −0.02, 0.54 | |||
| Other (Canada) | 2 | .40*** | .28, .51 | |||
| Age | EU | 15 | −.07* | −0.13, −0.00 | .144 | .930 |
| US | 7 | −.08† | −0.17, 0.01 | |||
| Other (Mixed) | 3 | −.10 | −0.24, 0.05 | |||
| Anger | EU | 7 | .42*** | 0.27, 0.56 | .616 | .735 |
| US | 3 | .31* | 0.05, 0.54 | |||
| Other (Mixed) | 2 | .42* | 0.10, 0.66 | |||
| Commitment | EU | 3 | .54*** | 0.37, 0.68 | 6.117 | .047 |
| US | 4 | .41*** | 0.25, 0.54 | |||
| Other (Canada) | 2 | .30*** | .19, .39 | |||
| Education | EU | 7 | −.04 | −0.14, 0.05 | .321 | .571 |
| US | 5 | −.01 | −.08, .06 | |||
| Gender (male) | EU | 16 | .09** | 0.02, 0.16 | .530 | .767 |
| US | 9 | .12*** | .07, .18 | |||
| Other (Mixed) | 3 | .11 | −0.03, 0.24 | |||
| In‐group identity | EU | 13 | .27*** | 0.14, 0.38 | 2.681 | .102 |
| Other (Mixed) | 2 | .16*** | 0.11, 0.20 | |||
| Moral neutralization | EU | 4 | .29† | −0.04, 0.57 | .662 | .416 |
| US | 4 | .42*** | 0.33, 0.51 | |||
| Openness | EU | 5 | −.22** | −0.36, −0.07 | 1.172 | .279 |
| US | 5 | −.12** | −0.21, −0.03 | |||
| Power distance orientation | US | 3 | .17*** | 0.10, 0.23 | 1.178 | .278 |
| Other (Mixed) | 2 | .30* | .06, .51 | |||
| Radical attitudes | EU | 8 | .49*** | 0.37, 0.60 | .180 | .671 |
| Other (Mixed) | 4 | .45*** | 0.29, 0.59 | |||
| Self‐esteem | EU | 4 | .32** | 0.11, 0.49 | 8.015 | .005 |
| Other (Mixed) | 2 | .01 | −.04, .06 | |||
| SocioECONOMIC Status | EU | 9 | −.04 | −0.11, 0.03 | .541 | .462 |
| US | 2 | .00 | −0.08, 0.08 | |||
| Uncertainty | EU | 2 | .05 | −.05, .14 | .013 | .908 |
| US | 3 | .05** | .01, .09 | |||
| Radical behaviors | ||||||
| Age | EU | 2 | −.19*** | −0.27, −0.10 | 3.869 | .144 |
| US | 3 | −.16 | −0.38, 0.08 | |||
| Other (Mixed) | 3 | .02 | −0.17, 0.20 | |||
| Marital status | US | 2 | −.04 | −0.11,0.03 | .095 | .758 |
| Other (Mixed) | 3 | −.03 | −0.08, 0.03 | |||
| Unemployment | EU | 2 | .29*** | 0.27, 0.31 | 15.737 | .000 |
| US | 2 | .06 | −.06, .18 | |||
| Other (Mixed) | 3 | .19 | −0.07, 0.42 |
Note: k = number of effect sizes; Q Between = between‐group heterogeneity test of the difference among/between the pooled effect sizes, with associated significance value (p). All estimates are r correlations.
***
<.001.
**
<.01.
*
<.05.
†
<.10.