Table 1.
Characteristics of Take-Home Naloxone participants by refill and reversal status (N = 1,295)
| Variable | All | No Refill | Refill received | RR (CI) | P-value | No Reversal | Reversal reported | RR (CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 1,295 | N = 333 | N = 962 | N = 392 | N = 570 | |||||
| Gender | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||||
| Man | 951 (73.4) | 256 (76.9) | 695 (72.2) | 1 (ref) | - | 266 (67.9) | 429 (75.3) | 1 (ref) | - |
| Woman | 344 (26.6) | 77 (23.1) | 267 (27.8) | 1.06 (0.99, 1.14) | 0.09 | 126 (32.1) | 141 (24.7) | 0.86 (0.75, 0.97) | < .02 |
| Age at inclusion | |||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 38.0 (11.3) | 39.8 (11.8) | 37.4 (11.0) | -2.4 (-3.8, -1.01) | 0.001 | 37.9 (11.3) | 37.0 (10.7) | -0.87 (-2.29, 0.54) | 0.23 |
| Median (IQR) | 36 (29–46) | 39 (30–50) | 35.5 (29–45) | -3 (-5.19, -0.81) | < .01 | 36 (29–46) | 35 (29–44) | -1 (-2.96, 0.96) | 0.32 |
| Country of birth | |||||||||
| Sweden | 984 (76.0) | 248 (74.5) | 736 (76.5) | 1 (ref) | - | 305 (77.8) | 431 (75.6) | 1 (ref) | - |
| Rest of Europe | 109 (8.4) | 34 (10.2) | 75 (7.8) | 0.92 (0.81, 1.05) | 0,21 | 35 (8.9) | 40 (7.0) | 0.91 (0.73, 1.14) | 0.41 |
| Rest of the World | 150 (11.6) | 42 (12.6) | 108 (11.2) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.07) | 0.48 | 36 (9.2) | 72 (12.6) | 1.14 (0.98, 1.32) | 0.08 |
| Missing | 52 (4.0) | 9 (2.7) | 43 (4.5) | - | - | 16 (4.1) | 27 (4.7) | - | - |
| Housing situation | |||||||||
| Stable | 451 (34.8) | 139 (41.7) | 312 (32.4) | 1 (ref) | - | 132 (33.7) | 180 (31.6) | 1 (ref) | - |
| Unstable | 532 (41.1) | 124 (37.2) | 408 (42.4) | 1.11 (1.03, 1.20) | < .01 | 169 (43.1) | 239 (41.9) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.15) | 0.81 |
| Homeless | 238 (18.4) | 52 (15.6) | 186 (19.3) | 1.13 (1.03, 1.24) | < .01 | 69 (17.6) | 117 (20.5) | 1.09 (0.94, 1.26) | 0.25 |
| Other | 68 (5.3) | 17 (5.1) | 51 (5.3) | 1.08 (0.93, 1.26) | 0.29 | 20 (5.1) | 31 (5.4) | 1.05 (0.83, 1.34) | 0.67 |
| Missing | 6 (0.5) | 1 (0.3) | 5 (0.5) | - | 2 (0.5) | 3 (0.5) | - | - | |
| Income type | |||||||||
| Stable | 207 (16.0) | 57 (17.1) | 150 (15.6) | 1 (ref) | - | 66 (16.8) | 84 (14.7) | 1 (ref) | - |
| Irregular | 1,040 (80.3) | 262 (78.7) | 778 (80.9) | 1.03 (0.94, 1.13) | 0.49 | 311 (79.3) | 467 (81.9) | 1.07 (0.92, 1.25) | 0.37 |
| Other | 40 (3.1) | 12 (3.6) | 28 (2.9) | 0.97 (0.78, 1.20) | 0.76 | 12 (3.1) | 16 (2.8) | 1.02 (0.72, 1.45) | 0.91 |
| Missing | 8 (0.6) | 2 (0.6) | 6 (0.6) | - | - | 3 (0.8) | 3 (0.5) | - | - |
| Education level | |||||||||
| < 9 years | 138 (10.7) | 29 (8.7) | 109 (1.3) | 1 (ref) | - | 42 (10.7) | 67 (11.8) | 1 (ref) | - |
| 9 years | 554 (42.8) | 141 (42.3) | 413 (42.9) | 0.94 (0.85, 1.04) | 0.25 | 162 (41.3) | 251 (44.0) | 0.99 (0.84, 1.17) | 0.9 |
| > 9 years | 576 (44.5) | 156 (46.8) | 420 (43.7) | 0.92 (0.84, 1.02) | 0.12 | 182 (46.4) | 238 (41.8) | 0.92 (0.78, 1.09) | 0.35 |
| Missing | 27 (2.1) | 7 (2.1) | 20 (2.1) | - | - | 6 (1.5) | 14 (2.5) | - | - |
| Primary drug | |||||||||
| Opioids | 861 (66.5) | 206 (61.9) | 655 (68.1) | 1 (ref) | - | 255 (65.2) | 400 (70.3) | 1 (ref) | - |
| Stimulants | 372 (28.7) | 109 (32.7) | 263 (27.3) | 0.93 (0.86, 1.0) | 0.06 | 118 (30.2) | 145 (25.5) | 0.90 (0.80, 1.02) | 0.11 |
| Benzodiazepines | 34 (2.6) | 4 (1.2) | 30 (3.1) | 1.16 (1.02, 1.32) | 0.02 | 13 (3.3) | 17 (3.0) | 0.93 (0.67, 1.28) | 0.65 |
| Other | 23 (1.8) | 11 (3.3) | 12 (1.2) | 0.69 (0.46, 1.02) | 0.06 | 5 (1.3) | 7 (1.2) | 0.96 (0.59, 1.55) | 0.59 |
| Missing | 5 (0.4) | 3 (0.9) | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | - | - | ||
| Ever experienced personal overdose | |||||||||
| No | 454 (35.1) | 134 (40.2) | 320 (33.3) | 1 (ref) | - | 168 (42.9) | 152 (26.7) | 1 (ref) | - |
| Yes | 795 (61.4) | 183 (55.0) | 612 (63.6) | 1.09 (1.02, 1.17) | < .02 | 213 (54.3) | 399 (70.0) | 1.37 (1.21, 1.56) | < .001 |
| Missing | 46 (3.6) | 16 (4.8) | 30 (3.1) | - | - | 11 (2.8) | 19 (3.3) | - | - |
| Most recent personal overdose | |||||||||
| < 12 months ago | 340 (42.8) | 69 (37.7) | 271 (44.3) | 1 (ref) | - | 85 (39.9) | 186 (46.6) | 1 (ref) | - |
| > 12 months ago | 442 (55.6) | 114 (62.3) | 328 (53.6) | 0.93 (0.86, 1.01) | 0.07 | 123 (57.7) | 205 (51.4) | 0.91 (0.81, 1.02) | 0.11 |
| Missing | 13 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (2.1) | - | - | 5 (2.3) | 8 (2.0) | - | - |
| Ever witnessed overdose | |||||||||
| No | 210 (16.2) | 61 (18.3) | 149 (15.5) | 1 (ref) | - | 82 (20.9) | 67 (11.8) | 1 (ref) | - |
| Yes | 1,049 (81.0) | 261 (78.4) | 788 (81.9) | 1.06 (0.96, 1.16) | 0.23 | 301 (76.8) | 487 (85.4) | 1.37 (1.14, 1.66) | 0.001 |
| Missing | 36 (2.8) | 11 (3.3) | 25 (2.6) | - | - | 9 (2.3) | 16 (2.8) | - | - |
| Most recent witnessed overdose | |||||||||
| < 12 months ago | 562 (53.6) | 118 (45.2) | 444 (56.3) | 1 (ref) | - | 132 (43.9) | 312 (64.1) | 1 (ref) | - |
| > 12 months ago | 465 (44.3) | 136 (52.1) | 329 (41.8) | 0.90 (0.83, 0.96) | < .01 | 162 (53.8) | 167 (34.3) | 0.72 (0.64, 0.82) | < .001 |
| Missing | 22 (2.1) | 7 (2.7) | 15 (1.9) | - | - | 7 (2.3) | 8 (1.6) | - | - |
| Time in study | |||||||||
| Mean days (SD) | 637.7 (470.0) | 319.1 (344.7) | 747.9 (456.7) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | < .001 | 639.0 (427.4) | 822.8 (461.5) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | < .001 |
RR Risk Ratio, CI Confidence Interval