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. 2023 Apr 21;13:6528. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-33848-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Echinomycin (Ech) mitigates autophagosome accumulation and lipid deposition in irinotecan (IR)-treated HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells were exposed to media supplemented with IR (10, 20, 40 μM) for 12 h-treatment and Ech (6 nM) were given during the last 6 h of 12 h-treatment. (A) Cell viability of HepG2 cells treated with different concentrations of irinotecan is measured by CCK8 assay. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6), *P < 0.05 compared with 0 μM group. (B) Western blot analysis of HIF-1α protein level in HepG2 cells. (C) Densitometric quantification of HIF-1α. (D) Relative HIF-1α DNA binding activity in each group. (E) Western blot analysis of BNIP3, LC3-II, Beclin1 and p62 protein levels in HepG2 cells. (F) Densitometric quantification of BNIP3, LC3-II, Beclin1 and p62. (G) IR exacerbated TG content in HepG2 cells and co-treated with Ech decreased cellular TG content. (H) Western blot analysis of SREBP-1c protein level in HepG2 cells. (I) Densitometric quantification of SREBP-1c. The blots were cut prior to hybridisation with indicated primary antibodies. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3), *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 compared with normal control group, ^#P < 0.05 and ^##P < 0.01 compared with 20 μM IR-treated group.